BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution

1. BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 13- Part II Human evolution

2. Human evolution • humans are classified within the superfamily Hominoidea (with gibbons, orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees).

3. Human evolution • humans are classified within the superfamily Hominoidea (with gibbons, orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees).

4. Human evolution • humans are classified within the superfamily Hominoidea (with gibbons, orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees).

5. Similarity between human and chimpanzee genomes

6. Comparison of the human and chimpanzee genomes

7. Comparison of the human and chimpanzee genomes • the genome of “Clint” was published September 1, 2005.

8. Comparison of the human and chimpanzee genomes • the genome of “Clint” was published September 1, 2005. • mean nucleotide divergence between humans and chimps was 1.06%.

9. Comparison of the human and chimpanzee genomes • the genome of “Clint” was published September 1, 2005. • mean nucleotide divergence between humans and chimps was 1.06%. • differ by 1 chromosomal fusion (human chromo. 2) and at least 9 pericentric inversions.

10. The evolution of human chromosome 2

11. Comparison of the human and chimpanzee genomes • the genome of “Clint” was published September 1, 2005. • mean nucleotide divergence between humans and chimps was 1.06%. • differ by 1 chromosomal fusion (human chrom. 2) and at least 9 pericentric inversions. • 13,454 human and chimp genes with unambiguous homology were aligned.

12. Comparison of the human and chimpanzee genomes • the genome of “Clint” was published September 1, 2005. • mean nucleotide divergence between humans and chimps was 1.06%. • differ by 1 chromosomal fusion (human chrom. 2) and at least 9 pericentric inversions. • 13,454 human and chimp genes with unambiguous homology were aligned. • 29% of all proteins compared were identical!

13. The primate fossil record

14. The primate fossil record • primates first appear in the late Cretaceous (about 70 MYA).

15. The primate fossil record • primates first appear in the late Cretaceous (about 70 MYA). • the first anthropoid ape fossil dates to Algeria (50 MYA).

16. The primate fossil record • primates first appear in the late Cretaceous (about 70 MYA). • the first anthropoid ape fossil dates to Algeria (50 MYA). • small anthropoid apes found in Egypt (30 MYA) and Kenya (25 MYA).

17. The primate fossil record • primates first appear in the late Cretaceous (about 70 MYA). • the first anthropoid ape fossil dates to Algeria (50 MYA). • small anthropoid apes found in Egypt (30 MYA) and Kenya (25 MYA). • another gap to 15 MYA when several small hominids roaming N. Africa.

18. The primate fossil record • primates first appear in the late Cretaceous (about 70 MYA). • the first anthropoid ape fossil dates to Algeria (50 MYA). • small anthropoid apes found in Egypt (30 MYA) and Kenya (25 MYA). • another gap to 15 MYA when several small hominids roaming N. Africa. • very few fossils from 6 to 14 MYA!

19. Evolution of Homo sapiens These 3.6-million-year-old footprints from Laetoli, Tanzania were made by a pair of individuals who walked side-by-side through fresh ash from a volcanic eruption.

20. Evolution of Homo sapiens 5 Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 – 4.2 MYA) 4 Australopithecus anamensis (4.2 – 3.9 MYA) A. afarensis (“Lucy”, 3.9 – 3.0 MYA) 3 Time (MYA) A. africanus (2.8 – 2.4 MYA) Homo habilis (2.5 – 1.6 MYA) 2 H. ergaster (1.8 – 1.5 MYA) 1 H. erectus (1.2 – 0.4 MYA) H. heidelbergensis (0.6 – 0.2 MYA) 0 H. sapiens (0.15 MYA)

21. Features of early hominid evolution

22. Features of early hominid evolution 1. Exact path of descent unknown

23. Features of early hominid evolution 1. Exact path of descent unknown • more hominid species continue to be discovered.

24. Features of early hominid evolution 1. Exact path of descent unknown • more hominid species continue to be discovered.

25. Features of early hominid evolution 1. Exact path of descent unknown • more hominid species continue to be discovered. 2. Evolution was continuous and gradual

26. Features of early hominid evolution 1. Exact path of descent unknown • more hominid species continue to be discovered. 2. Evolution was continuous and gradual • no sudden “jumps” in size or cranial capacity observed.

27. Features of early hominid evolution 1. Exact path of descent unknown • more hominid species continue to be discovered. 2. Evolution was continuous and gradual • no sudden “jumps” in size or cranial capacity observed. • cranial capacity increased from 600-800 cm3 to 1200-1400 cm3 over past 2 MY.

28. Gradual evolution of human cranial capacity

29. Features of early hominid evolution 3. Many hominid species co-existed in Africa

30. Features of early hominid evolution 3. Many hominid species co-existed in Africa • notably the “robust” Australopithecines.

31. Diversity of fossil hominid species in Africa

32. Neanderthals – not in my family tree!

33. Neanderthals! • Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived in western Europe 400,000 to 30,000 years ago.

34. Neanderthals! • Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived in western Europe 400,000 to 30,000 years ago. • average height was about 5’4’’ but weighed about 20 lbs more than H. sapiens sapiens (due to extra muscle).

35. Neanderthals! • Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived in western Europe 400,000 to 30,000 years ago. • average height was about 5’4’’ but weighed about 20 lbs more than H. sapiens sapiens (due to extra muscle). • in 1997, Neanderthal mtDNA was amplified and sequenced (360 bp).

36. Neanderthals! • Homo sapiens neanderthalensis lived in western Europe 400,000 to 30,000 years ago. • average height was about 5’4’’ but weighed about 20 lbs more than H. sapiens sapiens (due to extra muscle). • in 1997, Neanderthal mtDNA was amplified and sequenced (360 bp). • recently, 1 million bp of Neanderthal DNA has been sequenced (and the full genome is on the way…).

37. Conclusions:

38. Conclusions: • Neanderthals diverged from the modern human lineage ~600,000 – 800,00 years ago.

39. Conclusions: • Neanderthals diverged from the modern human lineage ~600,000 – 800,00 years ago. • 2. Little evidence of any introgression of Neanderthal DNA into modern humans.

40. Conclusions: • Neanderthals diverged from the modern human lineage ~600,000 – 800,00 years ago. • 2. Little evidence of any introgression of Neanderthal DNA into modern humans. • 3. Effective population size ~3,000 (compared to 13,000 for early modern humans).

41. …….. The last refuge

42. The evolution of anatomically modern humans

43. The evolution of anatomically modern humans

44. The evolution of anatomically modern humans

45. Predictions of the African Replacement model

46. Predictions of the African Replacement model 1. Ancestral alleles should trace to Africa.

47. Predictions of the African Replacement model 1. Ancestral alleles should trace to Africa. 2. Appearance of modern humans should be recent (< 200,000 years).

48. Predictions of the African Replacement model 1. Ancestral alleles should trace to Africa. 2. Appearance of modern humans should be recent (< 200,000 years). 3. Genetic diversity should be greatest in Africa.

49. Predictions of the African Replacement model 1. Ancestral alleles should trace to Africa. 2. Appearance of modern humans should be recent (< 200,000 years). 3. Genetic diversity should be greatest in Africa. • all three predictions have been confirmed.

50. Predictions of the African Replacement model 1. Ancestral alleles should trace to Africa. 2. Appearance of modern humans should be recent (< 200,000 years). 3. Genetic diversity should be greatest in Africa. • all three predictions have been confirmed. •“mitochondrial Eve” and “Y-chromosome Adam” lived in Africa about 150,000 and 60,000 years ago, respectively!