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Population Pyramid

Population Pyramid. Shows the proportion of males and females in different age groups Measured in % or no of total pop Shape determined by BR, DR and migration Analyse according Proportion of male vs female Economically non-active: 0-14 (young dependents), >65 (elderly)

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Population Pyramid

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  1. Population Pyramid • Shows the proportion of males and females in different age groups • Measured in % or no of total pop • Shape determined by BR, DR and migration • Analyse according • Proportion of male vs female • Economically non-active: 0-14 (young dependents), >65 (elderly) • Economically active: 15-65 (Working pop) • BR, DR, Life expectancy

  2. A Pyramidal-shaped Population Pyramid (Progressive)

  3. Describing and interpreting • Broad base indicates high BR or fertility rate and an expanding/youthful population • Large dependent population account 35% or more of the total population • Pyramid narrows towards the top, indicating high DR • The narrow top from the 65 – 69 age group indicates low life expectancy • Overall sex ratio is balanced which reflects little immigration or emigration • Such a population diagram is typical of developing countries with increasing population

  4. A bee-hived Pyramid (Regressive)

  5. Describing and Interpreting • Narrow base indicates low BR and fertility rate • Young dependent makes up less than 30% of the total population • Broader top indicates a long life expectancy and a relatively low DR • Aged can account more than 15% of the population – greying pop • There is a possibility of the population shrinking as birth and population growth rates continue to drop each year • Such a pyramid typifies the population structure of developed countries

  6. Population Pyramids of S’pore 1 (a) Describe the changes in the structure of the pyramids between 1997 and 2025. (3) (b) Give reasons for the changes described in (a). (6)

  7. Reasons for high growth rate:Developing countries

  8. Reasons for high growth rate: Developing countries Consequences: Overpopulation • Strain on country’s resources (food, housing, education) • High unemployment rate • Environmental problems • Overcrowding in squatters • pollution

  9. Reasons for high growth rate: Developing countries Solutions • Education on family planning • Incentives and penalties through policies • China’s one child policy • India’s national planning policy

  10. Case Study: Nigeria • Nigeria is the largest country in Africa by population. As of 2000, its population was estimated to be 117 million, placing it first among African countries and tenth among all countries. http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard9.html

  11. Case Study: Nigeria • Nigeria’s rate of natural increase for 1999 was 3.0 %. This percentage is significantly higher than that for the world as a whole (1.5%) and all of the continental averages, including Africa http://www.uni.edu/gai/Nigeria/Background/Standard9.html

  12. Case Study: Nigeria • AIDS is one factor that could have a dramatic impact on Nigeria’s future demographics. While AIDS is not the severe national health problem that it is in other sub-Saharan African countries, it is still a problem of grave concern. • While Nigeria does not presently have such high rates of infection, some population forecasts expect that the impact of AIDS will indeed be severe in Nigeria in the coming years. Life expectancy forecasts from the United States Census Bureau predict that Nigeria’s average life expectancy will fall from 53 years in 1998 to 46 years by the year 2010. • If these trends continue, concerns about rapid population growth may become irrelevant.

  13. Case Study: Nigeria • There is a high proportion of the population under the age of 15 and a low percentage of the population over the age of 65. If you were to visit Nigeria, you would immediately recognize that this is a country of children. • In a poor country like Nigeria, having such a young population presents several different social and economic challenges. Generally, it is difficult for state and individual families to provide for the material and educational needs of these children. • young people represent a great proportion of the population relative to economically productive segments of society. Unfortunately, this demographic and economic challenge is often addressed by child labor. Children are often sent to work by their parents as early as age 6 or 7.

  14. Reasons for low growth rate: Developed countries

  15. Reasons for low growth rate: Developed countries Consequences: • Underpopulation • Ageing population (a trend in which there is an increasing proportion of elderly dependents in the population) • Hinder economic development • Labour shortages / rising labour cost • Strain on working population – pay more taxes • More healthcare services needed

  16. Reasons for low growth rate: Developed countries Measures: • To overcome low BR: …incentives to encourage marriage and child bearing • To overcome labour shortages: • Raise retirement age • Attract women back to workforce • Employ foreign workers • Mechanisation

  17. Case Study: Sweden Population Pyramid at 31 Dec 2006 http://www.scb.se/templates/tableOrChart____159280.asp See Link: Population Pyramid 1850 - 2050

  18. Factors that influence natural increase 1) Standard of living • medical facilities, health care • housing • hygiene • water supply • sanitation and nutrition

  19. Factors that influence natural increase 2. Cultural factors • way of living, customs and beliefs • role of children, religion • region of the world (developed vs. under-developed) 3. Government policies • increase/slow down BRs

  20. Overpopulation Definition: a situation when there are too many people relative to the resources and level of technology to provide a reasonable standard of living

  21. Overpopulation Characteristics: • High BR • Low life expectancy • Low level of literacy • High rate of unemployment in urban areas • Rural people caught in the vicious cycle of poverty due to poor farming techniques • Many live in poor, congested, unhygienic conditions

  22. Overpopulation Causes: • High BR due to poor family planning … Consequences: • High unemployment rate Strain on country’s resources • Overcrowding Solutions • Raise level of education • Improve standard of living • Control population through policies

  23. Overpopulation

  24. Underpopulation Definition: • a situation when there are not enough people to fully develop the resources in an area or country Likely to occur in: • large areas which are not fully exploited eg Canada • Developed countries such as Japan and Sweden where BR and population growth rates are falling • Low replacement rate • Countries where the proportion of people over 60 are increasing

  25. Income per person Optimum population underpopulation overpopulation Total population of a country Optimum Population The theoretical state in which the number of people, when working with all the available resources, will produce the highest per capita economic return (ie., the highest standard of living and quality of life)

  26. Optimum Population A dynamic situation that changes with time as • Technology improves • Population totals & structures change • Trade opportunities change • New raw materials are discovered

  27. Ageing Population Definition: a trend in which there is an increasing proportion of elderly dependents in the population.

  28. Ageing Population Causes: • Low BR & low DR…High LE • Low population growth rate Consequences: • Hinder economic development • Labour shortages / rising labour cost • Strain on working population – pay more taxes • More healthcare services needed

  29. Ageing Population Solutions • To overcome low BR: …incentives • To overcome labour shortages: • Raise retirement age • Attract women back to workforce • Employ foreign workers • Mechanisation

  30. Ageing Population • Ensuring funds and care for elderly • Central Provident Fund (CPF) • Fund raising to build facilities • Encourage participation in activities • Provision of elderly-friendly features in home

  31. References 1. Chong, M. (2000) Aspect of Human Geography, Singapore: Pekoe Books. Chapter 1 (p.1 – 47) 2. Waugh, D. (2000) Geography An Integrated Approach, UK: Nelson. Chapter 13 (p. 344 – 383) 3. Wikipedia

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