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Introduction to Child Language Development

This review delves into the intricate process of child language development, outlining its critical stages from birth to age four. It defines language as a system of rules used to share thoughts and emotions, which can be expressed verbally, in sign, through gestures, or in writing. The article highlights the developmental milestones in receptive and expressive language abilities and emphasizes the significance of the environment in fostering language skills. Key concepts such as phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics are thoroughly explored to provide a comprehensive overview.

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Introduction to Child Language Development

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  1. Introduction to Child Language Development

  2. Review - What is language? • Set of rules for sharing thoughts, ideas, feelings • Can be verbal, signed, gestured, written • Receptive and expressive

  3. Review: What is language? • Form - Phonology, Morphology, Syntax • Content - Semantics • Use - Pragmatics • How does language differ from speech?

  4. Inter-relationship between language areas Bloom and Lahey (1978)

  5. Language Development • Birth to 3 - intensive period of language development • Critical periods of development • Environment facilitates language development

  6. Language Development - Birth • Language learning begins • Baby reacts to loud sounds by startling or waking. • Baby produces sounds that indicate pain or pleasure

  7. Language Development- birth • First communication! • CRYING

  8. Language Development - 0-3 months • Baby turns and watches your face when you speak. • Baby smiles and seems to recognize familiar voices • Baby may listen intently to unfamiliar voices • Baby responds to comforting tones • Baby starts cooing • Baby uses differentiated cries

  9. 12 weeks old • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnEPBb3WVnY

  10. Language Development 4-6 months • Responsive to tones of voice • Moves eyes in directions of sounds • May be interested in non-speech sounds • Babbling and vocal play • Can indicate urgency/excitement with vocalizations • Rituals and games set predictable routines and expectations • Gurgling sounds

  11. Language Development • By 6 months - • Response to name • Vocalizations with intonation • Responses to tones of voice--happy, angry

  12. 6 month old • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwikh9YVy8I

  13. Language Development- 7-12 months - comprehension • Looks in direction of sounds • Listens when spoken to • Recognizes words for common objects • Begins to respond to requests • Enjoys early games/rituals

  14. Language development- 7-12 months - expression • Has 1-2 words • Uses speech for attention • Babbling

  15. 12 month old • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnEPBb3WVnY

  16. Play Development 9-12 months • Object permanence • Starts to use some basic toys appropriately

  17. Play Development (Westby, 1990) 13-17 months • Discovers function of toys through trial and error • Hands toy to adult if unable to work 17-19 months • autosymbolic play • tool use 19-22 months • Symbolic play beyond self • Combines 2 toys in play

  18. Receptive Language - 1-2 years • 12 months - understands 50 words, 18 months-understands 200 words • Follows simple directions within common routines • Identifies simple body parts • Points to named objects or pictures • Listens to simple stories/rhymes

  19. Expressive language- 1-2 years • 12 months - uses up to 3 words, (more every month) • 23 months - uses about 200 words! • Overextend and underextend meanings • Examples - • overgeneralization- all animals are dogs • Undergeneralization- sandals aren’t shoes • Emerging 2 word combinations • Emerging question use - “where mommy?”

  20. Language development • 2 year olds understand possession!!!

  21. 2 year old • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaTJSbRZgo4

  22. Receptive language- 2-3 years • 24 months - understands 500-700 words • 30 months - understands up to 900 words • Can acquire 1-2 new words per day • Variety of vocabulary expands - nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, etc • Follows 1-2 step directions • Understands some concept pairs (hot/cold)

  23. Expressive language 2-3 years • Vocabulary explosion - up to 570 words at 30 months • 2-3 word sentences • Utterance expansion - (1-3 words) • Increased grammatical structure of sentences • Limited topic initiation

  24. Language explosion!!!!

  25. Play Development (Westby, 1990) • 24 months • Daily experiences represented in play • Stacking, knocking down, pouring dumping 30 months • Starts to represent less frequently observed events • Still uses realistic props in play

  26. Receptive language - 3-4 years • Understands 1000+ words • Can acquire 4-6 new words per day!!! • Understands “wh” question forms - what, where and who • Follows multi-step directions within routines • Increased ability to comprehend stories, explanations and conversations

  27. Expressive Language - 3-4 years • Hard to measure expressive vocabulary because it is so big! • Combines 4 + words • Relays personal experiences but may leave out relevant details • Expanded conversational topics as the world expands • Best at talking of the here and now

  28. Play Development (Westby, 1990) • 3-31/2 years • Sequence of events in play • May replay an experienced event with a different ending 31/2- 4 years • Problem solving and planning emerge • 3 dimensional building

  29. Receptive Language- 4-5 years • Understands 2500-3000 words • Increased conceptual knowledge including time words, complex emotion words • More precision in vocabulary • Answers simple questions about stories • Follows multi-step directions in new situations • Understands conversation about their lives - preschool, home, etc

  30. Expressive language 4-5 years • Lengthy sentences with detail • Can tell a simple story with few grammar errors • May still produce errors with irregular forms (plurals, past tense) • Improved story telling but a limited filter of what is important • More confident to initiate topics

  31. Language characteristics - 5 year olds • Can carry on conversations about everyday subjects • Love jokes and riddle • Able to state name, address, age and birthday • Can describe objects by function • May gain a vocabulary of new words not learned at home- not always positive • May understand time concepts but can’t tell time yet

  32. Play development (Westby, 1990) • 5 year olds • Imaginative and cooperative • No longer needs concrete props • Plans and organizes toys and people

  33. Language Characteristics - School age • Gaining new communication modes- reading, writing • Metalinguistics - ability to consider language in the abstract and make judgments about its correctness • Language development slows • Focus becomes semantics and pragmatics

  34. Language characteristics - school age • Gradual increase in complexity of thinking and comprehension of nuances in language • Comprehension of multiple meanings and figurative language gradually emerges • Examples: “As big as a house” set/set/set

  35. Implications of language abilities for school aged children • In elementary school and beyond, language strongly influences… • Academics • Peer and social relationships • Self- esteem

  36. Language across the lifespan • Language continues to develop - unless presence of a problem! • Adults expand language including adding specialized vocabulary related to experiences, jobs, hobbies, life!

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