Chapter 10: CIRCULAR MOTION

1. Chapter 10: CIRCULAR MOTION

2. Centripetal force keeps an object in circular motion.

3. Chapter 10: Circular Motion I. Rotation and Revolution (10.1) A. Rotation– when object turns about an internal axis 1. Axis– straight line around which rotation takes place axis

4. 2. Revolution– when object turns about an external axis

5. 3. Earth– undergoes both types of rotational motion a. revolves around sun every 365 1/4 days. b. revolves around an axis passing through its geographical poles once every 24 hours.

6. II. Rotational Speed (10.2) A. Linear speed– distance moved per unit time B. Tangential speed– the speed of something moving along a circular path 1. direction of motion is always tangent to the circle 2. For circular motion can use terms linear and tangential speed interchangeably

7. C. Rotational speed– sometimes called angular speed 1. Equals the number of rotations per unit time 2. Expressed in revolutions per minute (RPM) 33 RPM records 78 RPM records 45 RPM records

8. What is a tachometer?

9. D. Tangential and Rotational speed are related 1. Tangential speed is directly proportional to rotational speed and the radial distance from the axis of rotation. tangential speed ~radial distance X rotational speed

10. In summary– in any rigidly rotation system, all parts have the same rotational speed. However, linear or tangential speed varies.Tangential speed depends on rotational speed and distance from axis of rotation

11. 10.2Rotational Speed think! At an amusement park, you and a friend sit on a large rotating disk. You sit at the edge and have a rotational speed of 4 RPM and a linear speed of 6 m/s. Your friend sits halfway to the center. What is her rotational speed? What is her linear speed?

12. 10.2Rotational Speed think! At an amusement park, you and a friend sit on a large rotating disk. You sit at the edge and have a rotational speed of 4 RPM and a linear speed of 6 m/s. Your friend sits halfway to the center. What is her rotational speed? What is her linear speed? Answer: Her rotational speed is also 4 RPM, and her linear speed is 3 m/s.

13. 10.2Rotational Speed The tapered shape of railroad train wheels (shown exaggerated here) is essential on the curves of railroad tracks.

14. 10.2Rotational Speed When a train rounds a curve, the wheels have different linear speeds for the same rotational speed.

15. 10.2Rotational Speed When a train rounds a curve, the wheels have different linear speeds for the same rotational speed.

16. III. Centripetal Force (10.3) A. Centripetal Force– any force that causes an object to follow a circular path 1. Centripetal means “center seeking” or “toward the center”.

17. B. Centripetal force is the name given to any force that is directed at a right angle to the path of a moving object that tends to produce circular motion 1. Gravitational forces directed towards the center of the Earth holds the moon in an almost circular orbit around the Earth

18. 2.Electrical forces hold electrons and cause them to rotate around the nucleus of the atom

19. 3. A car rounding a corner has sideways-acting frictional forces between tires and road that provides centripetal force that holds car on curved path

21. C. Equation for centripetal force • Equation for centripetal acceleration (ac) • 2. Substitute centripetal acceleration in Newton’s second law to get equation for centripetal force

22. IV. Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces (10.4) A. centrifugal force– means “center fleeing”, or away from the center”. 1. common misconception to state that a centrifugal force pulls outward

23. 2. Example: if string breaks holding a whirling can– the can would go off in a tangential path because there is no force acting on it

25. B. The “centrifugal-force effect” is attributed not to any real force but to inertia (the tendency of the moving body to follow a straight-line path.

26. V. Centrifugal Force in a Rotating Reference Frame (10.5) A. Centrifugal force is an effect of rotation. It is not part of an interaction and therefore it cannot be a true force. B. Physicists refer to centrifugal force as a fictitious force C. To observers who air in a rotating system, centrifugal force seems very real

27. 10.5Centrifugal Force in a Rotating Reference Frame think! A heavy iron ball is attached by a spring to a rotating platform, as shown in the sketch. Two observers, one in the rotating frame and one on the ground at rest, observe its motion. Which observer sees the ball being pulled outward, stretching the spring? Which observer sees the spring pulling the ball into circular motion?

28. 10.5Centrifugal Force in a Rotating Reference Frame think! A heavy iron ball is attached by a spring to a rotating platform, as shown in the sketch. Two observers, one in the rotating frame and one on the ground at rest, observe its motion. Which observer sees the ball being pulled outward, stretching the spring? Which observer sees the spring pulling the ball into circular motion? Answer: The observer in the reference frame of the rotating platform states that centrifugal force pulls radially outward on the ball, which stretches the spring. The observer in the rest frame states that centripetal force supplied by the stretched spring pulls the ball into circular motion.(Only the observer in the rest frame can identify an action-reaction pair of forces; where action is spring-on-ball, reaction is ball-on-spring. The rotating observer can’t identify a reaction counterpart to the centrifugal force because there isn’t any.)

29. Assessment Questions • Whereas a rotation takes place about an axis that is internal, a revolution takes place about an axis that is • external. • at the center of gravity. • at the center of mass. • either internal or external.

30. Assessment Questions • Whereas a rotation takes place about an axis that is internal, a revolution takes place about an axis that is • external. • at the center of gravity. • at the center of mass. • either internal or external. Answer: A

31. Assessment Questions • When you roll a tapered cup across a table, the path of the cup curves because the wider end rolls • slower. • at the same speed as the narrow part. • faster. • in an unexplained way.

32. Assessment Questions • When you roll a tapered cup across a table, the path of the cup curves because the wider end rolls • slower. • at the same speed as the narrow part. • faster. • in an unexplained way. Answer: C

33. Assessment Questions • When you whirl a tin can in a horizontal circle overhead, the force that holds the can in the path acts • in an inward direction. • in an outward direction. • in either an inward or outward direction. • parallel to the force of gravity.

34. Assessment Questions • When you whirl a tin can in a horizontal circle overhead, the force that holds the can in the path acts • in an inward direction. • in an outward direction. • in either an inward or outward direction. • parallel to the force of gravity. Answer: A

35. Assessment Questions • When you whirl a tin can in a horizontal circle overhead, the force that the can exerts on the string acts • in an inward direction. • in an outward direction. • in either an inward or outward direction. • parallel to the force of gravity.

36. Assessment Questions • When you whirl a tin can in a horizontal circle overhead, the force that the can exerts on the string acts • in an inward direction. • in an outward direction. • in either an inward or outward direction. • parallel to the force of gravity. Answer: B

37. Assessment Questions • A bug inside a can whirled in a circle feels a force of the can on its feet. This force acts • in an inward direction. • in an outward direction. • in either an inward or outward direction. • parallel to the force of gravity.

38. Assessment Questions • A bug inside a can whirled in a circle feels a force of the can on its feet. This force acts • in an inward direction. • in an outward direction. • in either an inward or outward direction. • parallel to the force of gravity. Answer: A