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Explore the fascinating world of amino acid anabolism in legumes and the vital role of nitrogen fixation by Annamox Bacteria. Discover the nitrogen cycle, nitrogenase sensitivity to oxygen, and symbiosis with fixing bacteria in protected environments. Unravel the pathways of amino acid synthesis and the interlocking regulations that govern them, leading to essential molecules like glutathione, neurotransmitters, and porphyrins. Delve into nucleotide metabolism, purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis, and the two pathways for mammalian synthesis and salvage. Learn about diseases like Lesch-Nyhan and inhibitors affecting glutamine amidotransferases. Understand key enzymes like dihydrofolate reductase and xanthine oxidase, and their roles in DNA synthesis and purine catabolism. Get insights into gout and potential inhibitors of xanthine oxidase for therapeutic interventions.
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AMINO ACID ANABOLISM
it’s a legume! fixes nitrogen
The nitrogen cycle fig 22-1
Annamox Bacteria! Nature’s rocket scientists Box 22-1
Annamox Bacteria! Nature’s rocket scientists Box 22-1
Annamox Bacteria! Nature’s rocket scientists Hydrazine-proof chamber Box 22-1
nitrogen fixation nitrifying bacteria plants, some bacteria mammalian diet Usual route of N from atmosphere to mammalian metabolism N2 NH4+ NOx conversion to needed compounds NH4+ in a.a.
nitrogenase at the heart of N2 fixation very sensitive to O2!!!!! fig 22-2
symbiosis of N2 fixing bacteria a protected environment: leghemoglobin fig 22-4
glutamine synthetase glutamate + ATP + NH4+ glutamine + ADP + Pi fig 22-5
allosteric regulation of glutamine synthetase fig 22-6
adenylylation (often “adenylation”) fig 22-7
adenylylation regulates GS, and… uridylylation regulates adenylylation of GS!! fig 22-7
S S NH3+ NH3+ glutamine amidotransferases gln glu S
amino acids are synthesize from Krebs, glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathways
classic allosteric regulation of amino acid synthesis fig 22-21
interlocking regulation of multiple pathways by allosteric regulation fig 22-22
things from amino acids… glutathione! fig 22-27
gaminobuterate (glutamate) things from amino acids… epinephrine norepinephrine dopamine tyrosine glutamate tryptophan serotonin arginine NO neurotransmitters!
things from amino acids… porphyrins glycine glycine creatine arginine stop
Nucleotide Metabolism
nucleotide nucleoside
purines: where does all them darn atoms come from?? fig 22-32
ETC. fig 22-33, sorta
inosine, built “on the ribose” to make IMP fig 22-33, still
and inosinate begat adenylate and xanthylate, and xanthylate begat guanylate… fig 22-34
regulation of the early steps of purine synthesis fig 22-35
pyrimidine biosynthesis orotate, built “off the ribose” fig 22-36
pyrimidine biosynthesis OTP then modified to CTP, etc fig 22-36
Ad + PRPP AMP + PP Two ways for mammals to make and/or use purines and pyrimidines 1) de novo synthesis (see above) 2) salvage pathways
hypoxanthine + PRPP IMP + PP Two ways for mammals to make and/or use purines and pyrimidines 1) de novo synthesis (see above) 2) salvage pathways Lesch-Nyhan disease
Two ways for mammals to make and/or use purines and pyrimidines 1) de novo synthesis (see above) 2) salvage pathways pyrimidine salvage is similar but not well understood in mammals…
inhibitors of glutamine amindo- transferases chemo- therapeutics fig 22-48
remember the “D” in DNA??? either or fig 22-39
what’s the difference between T and U?? fig 22-44
where the THF gets its methy... fig 22-44
xanthine oxidase catabolism of purines… fig 22-45
out with gout!!! 1735
out with gout!!! xanthine oxidase too active fig 22-47
out with gout!!! xanthine oxidase inhibitor fig 22-47
