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History of Thermodynamics & Scientific Figures

Explore the evolution of thermodynamics through the works of Joule, Carnot, Clausius, Kelvin, Einstein, and Boltzmann. Learn about Brownian motion and key concepts from the Carnot family to modern developments in the field.

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History of Thermodynamics & Scientific Figures

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  1. Heat is a form of energy: Joule’s experiment Mgh = W = Q and Q= mcT Work can raise temperature of the system. James Joule (1818-1889)

  2. Carnot’s engine of highest possible efficiencyCarnot family • From Wikipedia, Carnot is the name of a celebrated French family in politics and science with the following members: • Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot (1753-1823), mathematician and politician. • Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796-1832), mathematician and eldest son of Lazare, one of the pioneers of thermodynamics. • Hippolyte Carnot (1801-1888), politician and second son of Lazare. • Marie François Sadi Carnot (1837-1894), son of Hippolyte, President of France, 1887–1894. • Marie Adolphe Carnot (1839-1920), son of Hippolyte, mining engineer and chemist. • A number of lycées, streets etc. are named after this family throughout France Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1796-1832)

  3. Clausius and Kelvin statements of the 2nd low of thermodynamics Lord Kelvin(1824-1907): a transformation whose only final result is to convert heat, extracted from a source at constant temperature, into work, is impossible. Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888): heat cannot of itself pass from a colder to a hotter body.

  4. S = k lnW Boltzmann’s idea Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (1844-1906)

  5. Robert Brown and Brownian motion Brown (1827): observed irregular movement of pollens in water under microscope. [First observation of “Brownian motion”: S. Gray, Phil. Trans. 19, 280, (1696). ] Major contribution of Brown: made sure non-organic particles also have Brownian motion, confirmed that Brownian motion is not a manifestation of life. Robert Brown

  6. Einstein, Brownian motion, and atomic hypothesis The Miracle year: Albert Einstein published 4 papers in the Annalen der Physik in 1905. • Photoelectric effect • Brownian motion • Special theory of relativity Which topic is his PhD thesis? Albert Einstein, 1905

  7. Jean B. Perrin Nobel Prize for physics: 1926 From Brownian motion to Avogadro number 1. 花粉在水中的布朗運動: d2 = 6Dt, D:擴散係數 2. 花粉在水中的運動受水的黏滯力: f = gv, g:阻泥係數 3. [D] = L2/T; [g]=[f]/[v]=M/T 4. [Dg] = ML2/T2 = [E] 5. 愛因斯坦: (i) 水分子撞花粉靜止的花粉因而獲得能量行布朗運動。 (ii) 花粉運動受黏滯力而將能量傳回水分子。 (iii) 要達成熱平衡需要Dg = kT = RT/NA (iv)亞佛加厥數NA=RT/Dg 實驗:量T, g, D,得NA Perrin: NA = 7×1023

  8. Joule Kelvin Clausius Rumford Helmholtz Carnot 1782 1820’s 1840’s-60’s 1882 Caratheodory Slater Onsager Gibbs 1880’s-90’s 1909 1930’s 1939 Katchalsky& Curran Broecker& Oversby Truesdell Coleman Noll Mitchell Collins Houlsby Prigogine Bowen 1980 1950’s 1960’s-70’s 1970’s,80’s,90’s 1950’s-60’s

  9. Ludwig Boltzmann came up with a way of getting a statistical measure of the likelihood of a particular configurations of nuclei and electrons

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