VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS (VPN)

1. VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS (VPN)

2. Traditional Connectivity [From Gartner Consulting]

3. What is VPN? • Virtual Private Network is a type of private network that uses public telecommunication, such as the Internet, instead of leased lines to communicate. • Became popular as more employees worked in remote locations. • Terminologies to understand how VPNs work.

4. Private Networks vs. Virtual Private Networks • Employees can access the network (Intranet) from remote locations. • Secured networks. • The Internet is used as the backbone for VPNs • Saves cost tremendously from reduction of equipment and maintenance costs. • Scalability

5. Remote Access Virtual Private Network (From Gartner Consulting)

6. Brief Overview of How it Works • Two connections – one is made to the Internet and the second is made to the VPN. • Datagrams – contains data, destination and source information. • Firewalls – VPNs allow authorized users to pass through the firewalls. • Protocols – protocols create the VPN tunnels.

7. Four Critical Functions • Authentication – validates that the data was sent from the sender. • Access control – limiting unauthorized users from accessing the network. • Confidentiality – preventing the data to be read or copied as the data is being transported. • Data Integrity – ensuring that the data has not been altered

8. Encryption • Encryption -- is a method of “scrambling” data before transmitting it onto the Internet. • Public Key Encryption Technique • Digital signature – for authentication

9. Tunneling A virtual point-to-point connection made through a public network. It transports encapsulated datagrams. Original Datagram Encrypted Inner Datagram Datagram Header Outer Datagram Data Area Data Encapsulation [From Comer] Two types of end points: • Remote Access • Site-to-Site

10. Four Protocols used in VPN • PPTP -- Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol • L2TP -- Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol • IPsec -- Internet Protocol Security • SOCKS – is not used as much as the ones above

11. VPN Encapsulation of Packets

12. Types of Implementations • What does “implementation” mean in VPNs? • 3 types • Intranet – Within an organization • Extranet – Outside an organization • Remote Access – Employee to Business

13. Virtual Private Networks (VPN)Basic Architecture

14. Device Types • What it means • 3 types • Hardware • Firewall • Software

15. Device Types: Hardware • Usually a VPN type of router • Pros • Highest network throughput • Plug and Play • Dual-purpose • Cons • Cost • Lack of flexibility

16. Device Types: Firewall • More security? • Pros • “Harden” Operating System • Tri-purpose • Cost-effective • Cons • Still relatively costly

17. Device Types: Software • Ideal for 2 end points not in same org. • Great when different firewalls implemented • Pros • Flexible • Low relative cost • Cons • Lack of efficiency • More labor training required • Lower productivity; higher labor costs

18. Advantages VS.Disadvantages

19. Advantages: Cost Savings • Eliminating the need for expensive long-distance leased lines • Reducing the long-distance telephone charges for remote access. • Transferring the support burden to the service providers • Operational costs • Cisco VPN Savings Calculator

20. Advantages: Scalability • Flexibility of growth • Efficiency with broadband technology

21. Disadvantages • VPNs require an in-depth understanding of public network security issues and proper deployment of precautions • Availability and performance depends on factors largely outside of their control • Immature standards • VPNs need to accommodate protocols other than IP and existing internal network technology

22. Applications: Site-to-Site VPNs • Large-scale encryption between multiple fixed sites such as remote offices and central offices • Network traffic is sent over the branch office Internet connection • This saves the company hardware and management expenses

23. Site-to-Site VPNs

24. Applications: Remote Access • Encrypted connections between mobile or remote users and their corporate networks • Remote user can make a local call to an ISP, as opposed to a long distance call to the corporate remote access server. • Ideal for a telecommuter or mobile sales people. • VPN allows mobile workers & telecommuters to take advantage of broadband connectivity. i.e. DSL, Cable

25. Industries That May Use a VPN • Healthcare: enables the transferring of confidential patient information within the medical facilities & health care provider • Manufacturing: allow suppliers to view inventory & allow clients to purchase online safely • Retail: able to securely transfer sales data or customer info between stores & the headquarters • Banking/Financial: enables account information to be transferred safely within departments & branches • General Business: communication between remote employees can be securely exchanged

26. VPN Security VPN uses encryption to provide data confidentiality.Once connected, the VPN makes use of the tunnelling mechanism to encapsulate encrypted data into a secure tunnel, with openly read headers that can cross a public network. Packets passed over a public network in this way are unreadable without proper decryption keys, thus ensuring that data is not disclosed or changed in any way during transmission. VPN can also provide a data integrity check. This is typically performed using a message digest to ensure that the data has not been tampered with during transmission.

27. By default, VPN does not provide or enforce strong user authentication. Users can enter a simple username and password to gain access to an internal private network from home or via other insecure networks.

28. Multimedia SecurityPart I: Digital Watermarking • Allows users to embed some data into digital contents • When data is embedded, it is not written at header part but embedded directly into digital media itself by changing media contents data

29. How It Works

30. Types of Watermark • Visible • A visible translucent image which is overlaid on the primary image • Invisible • An overlaid image which cannot be seen, but which can be detected algorithmically

31. Invisible Watermark

32. Visible Watermark

33. Visible Watermark • Logo or seal of the organization which holds the rights to the primary image, it allows the primary image to be viewed, but still marks it clearly as the property of the owning organization. • Overlay the watermark in a way which makes it difficult to remove, if the goal of indicating property rights is to be achieved.

34. Applications of Watermarking • Rights management • Contents management • Access/copy control • Authentication

35. Multimedia Security Part II: Encryption

36. Goals • Person authentication • Assurance that the communicating entity is the one claimed • Access control • Prevention of unauthorized use of a resource • Data confidentiality • Protection of data from unauthorized disclosure • Data integrity • Assurance that data received is as sent • Non-repudiation • Protection against denial by the parties in a communication

37. Multimedia Data What separates multimedia data from traditional alpha numeric data? • Large in file size • May require real-time processing (especially for continuous media) • Portable and mobile applications

38. Multimedia Encryption Approach • Signal scrambling • Historical approach • Not compatible with modern multimedia compression • Fast speed but low security • Total encryption with cryptographic ciphers • Trivial solution • High security but slow speed • Selective encryption • Most popular approach today • Limited in its range of application • Integrating encryption into entropy coding • Complementary to selective encryption • Very fast computation speed

39. Various Computing Platforms : 1)HPC, 2)Cluster 3)Computing Grid

40. What is a Cluster?  A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together closely thus in many respects forming a single computer. The components of a cluster are connected to each other through fast local area networks

41. Need for a Cluster Requirements for computing increasing fast.  More data to process.  compute intensive algorithms available. Approaches to supply demand  Qualitative: Optimized algorithms, faster processors, more memory.  Quantitative: Cluster computing, grid computing, etc.

42. Cluster categorizations High Availability Cluster Load Balancing Cluster HPC Cluster

43. Load Balancing Clusters Multiple computers connected together to share computational workload Logically they are multiple computers but function as single virtual computer Request initiated from the user is distributed among all the nodes by one or more load balancer

44. HPC Clusters HPC clusters are mainly used to increases the performance by splitting the computational task into different nodes Mainly used in scientific computing Popular HPC cluster implementations are nodes running with linuxos and free software’s to implement the parallelism

45. The job running on the cluster nodes requires little or no inter nodes communication is called “Grid Computing” The local Scheduling software manages the cluster nodes load balancing Middleware such as MPI (Message Passing Interface) or PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) permits compute clustering programs to be portable to a wide variety of clusters

46. What is Grid? Definition: Grid computing is a term referring to the combination of computer resources from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goal. Coordinates resources that are not subject to centralized control Uses standard, open, general-purpose protocols and interfaces Delivers nontrivial qualities of service

47. Grid Architecture Grid Architecture can be described as the layers of building blocks, where each layer has a specific function, to accomplish Grid Computing Infrastructure

48. Grid Applications Types : Sequential Jobs for particular platform Concurrent Sequential Jobs for different platforms Homogeneous Parallel job for particular OS Heterogeneous Parallel Jobs

49. Bio Informatics applications High Energy Physics Applications Weather Modelling and Predicting Ocean Currents Disaster Management Aerodynamic Simulations

50. Cloud Computing Cloud Overview