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  1. OBLIGATION Click to Edit Title Click to Edit Sub Title PERMISSION

  2. Study plan: Asking for permission Giving permission Refusing permission Talking about permission Obligation

  3. MODAL VERBS OF OBLIGATION                                   AND                                    PERMISSION can could must may might be allowed to have to ought to can't / can not couldn't / could not mustn't / must not may not might not to be not allowed to don't have to don't ought to

  4. Asking for permission Can/Could/May/Might I ...? = Do you/Would you mind if ...? Can I borrow your pencil? Of course.

  5. Could / May are more polite than can. Might  May / might when we do not know the other person very well. is formal. are used to ask for permission

  6. Giving permission can/may = you are allowed to do sth Yes, you can(may). Could I speak to the manager?

  7. Can is informal and         is formal. may We do not use            or             to give permission. could might Example: Could I speak to the manager? Yes, you can. Yes, you may. (NOT: Yes, you could)

  8. Refusing permission can't/mustn't/may not = you are not allowed to do sth I'm sorry but can't (mustn't)  smoke here

  9. May not is formal and is usually used in writing. Example: Visitors                  enter the laboratories. may not We do not use                 to refuse permission. Example: Could I smoke here?  I'm sorry, but you can't (NOT: I'm sorry, but you couldn't.) could

  10. Talking about permission We use          and                          to refer to laws or regulations. can           be allowed to Example: Passengers                                  in the lounge. can/are allowed to We use            or                                     to say that we had general permission to do something in the past. was/were allowed to               could could       was/were allowed to We use                                      and not            , to say that we had  permission  to do something in a particular situation in the past. could/was allowed to Example: I                                    return home a?er 11 o'clock at night when I was young. (I was allowed to return home late in general.) But: I was allowed to watch TV until very late last night. (NOT: I could watch .... as this is a particular situation.)

  11. OBLIGATION Modal verbs: Have to / Must - Don't have to / Mustn't Don’t have to and mustn’t : completely different ! You don’t have to iron your socks. It’s a waste of time. You mustn’t steal other people’s things. It’s wrong.

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