Chemical Methods

1. Chemical Methods

2. Chemicals • Raw commodities • Processing facilities and processed products • Equipment

3. Empty Facilities - Sanitation

4. Pesticides Approved for Use in Empty Facilities *Apply 0.26 gallons/1000 sq ft.

5. Products to Use in Empty Facilities

6. Residual Chemicals

7. Diatomaceous Earth Dusts

8. Diatomaceous Earth for Grain Treatment

9. Perma Guard Dryacide

10. Bacterial Products for Moth Control – Surface Application

11. Chemical Application to Raw Ingredients (Grain) Actellic Reldan

12. DRIP-ON APPLICATION OF GRAIN PROTECTANTS

14. ACTELLIC RATE FOR GRAIN TREATMENT

15. RELDAN RATE FOR GRAIN TREATMENT

16. RELDAN DUST IS USED FOR DIRECT TREATMENT OF GRAIN DURING BINNING OR TO THE GRAIN SURFACE AFTER BINNING

17. NEW LABEL CHANGE ACTELLIC CAN NOW BE APPLIED TO THE GRAIN SURFACE

18. Fumigation • In-storage fumigation • Space fumigation Phosphine Methyl bromide

19. Important Issues to Consider During Fumigation

20. Application of Phosphine

21. Phosphine Update • Poisoning cases • Loss from bins • Concentrations in worker areas • Risk Mitigation Measures • Label changes

22. California Pesticide Illness Surveillance Program, 1982-1992 • Out of 29,863 reports, 205 cases were of phosphine poisoning • 25% involved fumigant applicators • 75% involved workers/bystanders

23. Phosphine Distribution and Loss Within a Bin Tablets added to bin bottom at start of filling, rate = 63.6 tablets/1000 bu  318 pellets/1000 bu (Data from P. W. Flinn and Carl Reed, 2000; unpublished data)

24. Topeka

25. PH3 gas in the top third of concrete silos is more difficult to maintain for long time periods • Movement and dissipation of phosphine gas varies from bin-to-bin

26. Fumigant Concentration in Worker Areas in an Elevator • Country elevator (Data from Carl Reed 2000; unpublished data)

28. Fumigant Confinement • “Fumigant loss from fumigated space is highly variable when present standard sealing techniques are followed” -B. M. Schneider, DowAgroSciences

29. Fumigant Confinement in Food Processing Structures Mill Silos Warehouse

30. New Mill - Potentially Good Gas Confinement

32. Target CT

33. HLT of Methyl Bromide (MB) and Sulfuryl Fluoride (SF) In Food Milling, Processing, or Warehousing Buildings HLT Goal

34. Fumigant Confinement in Food Industry Structures • What is an acceptable HLT? • Dow AgroSciences has set a goal of 20+ hrs HLT • However, 5-15 hrs HLTs are typical in food industry structures 20+ hrs 5-15 hrs

35. HLT Economic Implications • Shorter HLT = faster gas loss • Fumigant cost higher • Requires a high initial gas concentration, possibly followed by one or more re-introductions • Concentration x Time may not achieve target dosage • Longer HLT = slower gas loss • more efficient dosage accumulation, either with less fumigant or within a shorter time interval

36. Phosphine Re-registration • December 23, 1998 – EPA proposed 15 Risk Mitigation Measures (RMMs) • Prohibit use within 500 ft • 750 ft (24 h notification) • 500 ft – conc. 0.03 ppm

37. Alternatives to Original RMMs • Fumigation Management Plan • Phosphine monitoring and documentation • Notification and consultation with local authorities • Procedures for notification of bystanders • Accountability and enforceability of the plan

38. Conduct new monitoring studies (TLV-0.3 ppm) • Review toxicology information (TLV-0.3 ppm) • Report poisoning/explosion incidents for the next 2 years • Develop training/certification materials for states and EPA • New labels must prohbit in-transit aeration

39. Clear definition of “working under the supervision of a certified applicator” • Notification to receivers of fumigated railcars/containers (receiver training) • Burrow treatments-residents must be given safety information • 15ft buffer zone for burrow treatments

40. What EPA is NOT doing! • Is not defining how and where to monitor, but expects this information to be a part of the FMP

41. Proposed Label Changes • New label – Summer 2001 • Old labels can be used according to the old label language

42. Methyl Bromide Update • Consumption and Uses • From 1991 levels (base level) • 25% reduction in 1999 • 50% reduction in 2001 • 70% reduction in 2003 • 100% reduction in 2005 • Preshipment and quarantine uses are exempt • Retail critical agricultural uses • Emergency uses exempt

43. Alternatives to Methyl Bromide • Commodity: phosphine, irradiation, controlled atmospheres, heat, cold • Structural: sulfuryl fluoride (Profume), phosphine, contact insecticides, controlled atmospheres, heat, cold

44. ECO2FUME Update • ECO2FUME • 2% PH3 and 98% CO2 - nonflammable • Cylinderized mixture • Registration for non-food commodities – Dec. 20, 1999 • Registration for raw agrl. commodities, feeds, feed ingredients, and processed food-August 28, 2000

45. ECO2FUME • Works well in sealed and unsealed structures • No disposal problem • More information: www.cytec.com

46. The Future of Fumigants • Restrictions will limit use patterns • May be used only as a last resort • Greater emphasis on non-chemical alternatives or reduced-risk pesticides

47. Impact on Applicators • Need to elevate their knowledge about pests and pest management • Develop a pest management team • Conferences, reading, attending workshops, and holding in-house training sessions

48. Questions • What products would you use for treating empty bins? • What are grain protectants? • List grain protectants used on corn and wheat. • Why is diatomaceous earth not highly recommended for treating grain? • If you treat wheat with Reldan, can you still top dress it after bin-filling? Yes No. Justify your answer. • Phosphine is fumigant used for treating_____. • Methyl bromide is used for treating food-processign facilities. True False • What are some issues with fumigant use in food-processing facilities or grain bins? • List alternatives to methyl bromide.