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Organic Compounds: Properties and Characteristics

Learn about organic compounds made from carbon atoms, their properties, and differences from inorganic compounds in this introductory guide to organic chemistry. Explore the structures of alkanes like propane and ethane.

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Organic Compounds: Properties and Characteristics

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  1. Chapter 11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes 11.1Organic Compounds

  2. Organic Compounds An organic compound • is a compound made from carbon atoms • has one or more C atoms • has many H atoms • may also contain O, S, N, P, and halogens

  3. Properties of Organic Compounds Typical organic compounds • contain carbon • have covalent bonds • have low melting points • have low boiling points • are flammable • are soluble in nonpolar solvents • are not soluble in water Oil (organic) and water (inorganic)

  4. Organic versus Inorganic Compounds • Propane, C3H8, is an organic compound used as a fuel. • NaCl, salt, is an inorganic compound composed of Na+ and Cl– ions. Question: Why is propane an organic compound, but NaCl is not?

  5. Comparing Properties of Organic and Inorganic Compounds

  6. Learning Check Identify each of the following characteristics as most typical of compounds that are I) inorganic or O) organic. ___ 1. has a high melting point ___ 2. is not soluble in water ___ 3. has a formula CH3─CH2─CH3 ___ 4. has a formula MgCl2 ___ 5. burns easily in air ___ 6. has covalent bonds

  7. Solution Identify each of the following characteristic as most typical of compounds that are I) inorganic or O) organic. I 1. has a high melting point O 2. is not soluble in water O 3. has a formula CH3─CH2─CH3 I 4. has a formula MgCl2 O 5. burns easily in air O 6. has covalent bonds

  8. Writing Formulas for Carbon Compounds In carbon compounds, • carbon has 4 valence electrons, and hydrogen has 1 • to achieve an octet, C forms four bonds CH4 (methane)

  9. Tetrahedral Structure of Carbon VSEPR theory predicts that a carbon atom with four single, covalent bonds is tetrahedral as shown in a • (a) tetrahedron • (b) ball-and-stick model • (c) space-filling model • (d) expanded structural formula

  10. Organic Compounds with More Carbon Atoms In organic molecules with more carbon atoms, • valence electrons are shared • covalent bonds form between carbon and carbon atoms • covalent bonds form between carbon and hydrogen atoms CH3─CH3 (methane)

  11. Tetrahedral Structure of Ethane In VESPR, two carbon atoms in ethane each has a tetrahedral shape as shown in a • (a) tetrahedron • (b) ball-and-stick model • (c) space-filling model • (d) expanded structural formula

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