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Vertebrates and Their Evolutionary Journey in 550 Million Years

Learn about the evolution of vertebrates, from jawless fishes to mammals, and their defining characteristics such as notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and endothermy. Explore classes like Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes, as well as the transition from aquatic amphibians to terrestrial reptiles. Discover how birds developed feathers for flight and how mammals adapted with specialized features like hair and milk production.

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Vertebrates and Their Evolutionary Journey in 550 Million Years

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  1. Vertebrates • Phylum: Chordata • Subphylum: Vertebrata

  2. Characteristics • Notochord • Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord • Pharyngeal Pouches • Post-Anal Tail

  3. Bones/Cartilage • Cranium • Endoskeleton

  4. Vertebrate Evolution • 550 million years ago • Jawless Fishes

  5. Fishes • Class Agnatha • Hagfishes & Lampreys

  6. Cartilage Skeletons, External Fertilization, and Freshwater Fertilization.

  7. Class Chondrichthyes • Sharks, Rays, and Skates

  8. Placoid Scales, Lateral Line System, Olfactory Bulbs, Cartilage Skeletons, Internal Fertilization

  9. Class Osteichthyes • Bony Fishes (lobe-finned and ray-finned)

  10. Bone, Lungs or swim bladder, Scales, Gills, & Mostly External Fertilization.

  11. Amphibians

  12. Amphibian Characteristics • Aquatic larval stage to a terrestrial adult form: metamorphosis. • Moist, thin skin with no scales. • Feet, if present, lack claws and often are webbed.

  13. Gills, lungs, and skin used in respiration. • Eggs lack shells. • External Fertilization • 3 Chambered Heart

  14. Reptiles Reptiles evolved from Amphibians.

  15. Amniotic Egg

  16. Water-Tight Skin

  17. Gas Exchange • Lungs

  18. Energy • Ectotherms

  19. Circulation

  20. Crocodiles have a 4 chambered heart.

  21. Birds

  22. Feathers • Down, Contour, & Flight

  23. Skeleton • Lightweight and Rigid

  24. Endothermic Metabolism • Eat often to supply energy to maintain their warmth.

  25. Respiratory System

  26. Mammals

  27. Characteristics • Endothermy • Hair • 4 Chambered Heart • Milk • Single Jawbone • Specialized Teeth

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