What is the link between citizenship and other integration policies in EU? Thomas Huddleston (MPG)

1. Co-financed by the European Fund for the Integration of Third-Country Nationals What is the link between citizenship and other integration policies in EU?Thomas Huddleston (MPG)

2. Question • How are naturalisation policies related to various other integration policies in Europe? • Long-term residence, Political participation, Anti-discrimination, Family Reunion, Targeted Policies • Two alternative views: I. Naturalisation policy at the heart of a country’s integration policy II. Naturalisation policy as one of various integration policy alternatives

3. Methodology Datasets: • MIPEX (access to nationality & 6 other integration policy areas) • CITLAW/CITIMP (ordinary naturalisation, ius soli, spousal/filial transfer) • Eurostat (naturalisation rates & long-term residence share) Methodology: • Explore bivariate correlations between naturalisation policy and various integration policies • Focus on MIPEX ‘Access to Nationality’ as indicator for naturalisation policy but results comparable with CITLAW/CITIMP average • Explore dimensionality of integration policy with Categorical Principal Component Analysis

4. Summary of Findings A country’s naturalisation policy is a strong predicator of its overall integration policies • Inclusive integration and naturalisation policy in eg PT and SE • Restrictive integration andnaturalisation policy in eg LT, LV, AT, BG. • Strong underlying ‘integration policy’ dimension (α = .921) suggests coherence between various policies.

5. Long-term residence Long-term residence a ‘substitute’ for (facilitating) naturalisation in new countries of immigration (+ AT, DK, NO) • Positive link between both in most of Western Europe • Similar conditions for long-term residence & citizenship • Link between security of LTR & naturalisation policy/rate • Higher shares of LTRs among TCNs linked to inclusive LTR policy & restrictive naturalisation policy Long-term residence (MIPEX) Access to nationality (MIPEX)

6. Political participation Countries with more inclusive citizenship policies tend to grant more political rights to foreigners AND higher naturalisation rates • Strong on all dimensions EXCEPT electoral rights • Due to outliers that have more open political rights & more obstacles to naturalise (NO, FI, & to certain extent, IE, DK, CH, ES) Political participation (MIPEX) Access to nationality (MIPEX)

7. Summary of Findings Countries with stronger anti-discrimination laws are more likely to have more inclusive citizenship laws • Linked to discrimination grounds (e.g. nationality) & strength of enforcement • Major outliers are BG, HU, RO, LT, SI, SK, CY: Strong anti-discrimination laws due to Roma/ethnic minorities, BUT restrictive naturalisation laws Anti-discrimination law (MIPEX) Access to nationality (MIPEX)

8. Summary of Findings More proactive targeted policies in countries with inclusive naturalisation & ius soli laws • More targeted education policies for migrant pupils (esp. intercultural education!) • Greater access to training & targeted job-hunting support • More support to immigrant NGOs & info campaigns • Outliers: More support in AT & EE, Less support in IE & UK Targeted education policies (MIPEX) Access to nationality (MIPEX)

9. Conclusions • Strong coherence between various integration policies, with citizenship policy as core predictor of a country’s overall approach to integration. • Long-term residence as ‘substitute’ for citizenship? Yes, in new countries of migration but not in rest of Europe where we find a positive relation. • No contradiction between political rights & naturalisation: actually, the opposite! • No link between family reunion policies/conditions & naturalisation policies/rates • Related to strong laws for equal treatment & against nationality discrimination • Link with targeted support to improve immigrants’ education, labour market position, and political participation