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Benefit of International Standards for multinational companies

Benefit of International Standards for multinational companies. Shuji Hirakawa Ph.D., IEEE Fellow Toshiba Corporation IEC Technical Committee 100 (TC 100) Secretary ITU-R Working Party 6M (WP 6M) Vice Chairman Proceedings of the IEEE, Editorial Board Member. Contents.

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Benefit of International Standards for multinational companies

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  1. Benefit of International Standards for multinational companies Shuji Hirakawa Ph.D., IEEE Fellow Toshiba Corporation IEC Technical Committee 100 (TC 100) Secretary ITU-R Working Party 6M (WP 6M) Vice Chairman Proceedings of the IEEE, Editorial Board Member

  2. Contents • Why International Standards are so important • Official Statement: WTO TBT / GPA • Realize Interoperability / Satisfy users’ mind • Expand the Market • Highway to reach foreign markets • Provide scales for measurements • How to join international standardization works • Development of ITU-R Recommendations • Development of IEC Deliverables

  3. Why International Standards are so important (1) • Official Statements: • Compliant to WTO TBT (Technical Barriers to Trade) • Technical regulations and product standards may vary from country to country. Having many different regulations and standards makes life difficult for producers and exporters. If regulations are set arbitrarily, they could be used as an excuse for protectionism. The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade tries to ensure that regulations, standards, testing and certification procedures do not create unnecessary obstacles. • Respect WTO GPA (Government Procurement Agreement) • The GPA is based on the principles of openness, transparency and non-discrimination, which apply to Parties' procurement covered by the Agreement, to the benefit of Parties and their suppliers, goods and services.

  4. Why International Standards are so important (2) • Realize Interoperability • One of the major objectives of International standards is to realize the interoperability among equipment and systems • IEC TC 100 provides a lot of standards to interconnect equipment and systems: Physically and Logically • DLNA standards are now in IEC domain. IEC 62481-1 and -2 • Satisfy users’ mind • End-user can choose his/her own unit from the retail market • End-user enjoys the best use of his/her property Satisfy users’ mind • Set maker also enjoys the benefit of standardization • Set maker can choose necessary parts among several vendors

  5. Why International Standards are so important (3) • Expand the Market • It is better to use the parts supplied by multi-venders to reduce the risk of short supply • Last year, an earthquake destroyed the factory that supplied 70 % of automotive engine piston rings. • Semiconductor parts are just the case • Movie content distributed by DVD is the typical case

  6. Why International Standards are so important (4) • Build highways to reach foreign markets • Systems and equipment compliant to International Standards can reach to anywhere in the world (theoretically) • However, like a frequency allocation of radio communication system, there are still local deviations country by country • It is our task to reduce the local standards/regulations • Only International Standard could override the barriers of domestic standards

  7. Why International Standards are so important (5) • Contribute to society • To provide the common scale • TC 100 is now developing the TV power measurement specification • For new technology areas, it is very important in early stage to develop terminologies and reference models • In order to communicate each other without misunderstanding • Proper Mutual understanding is a key for success.

  8. How to join international standardization works (1) • At first, I introduce my background in international standardization activities: • 1991: Join ITU-R TG 11/2 (digital studio interface) meeting for the first time, to modify ITU-R Recommendation 711. • 1994: Develop a draft new Recommendation ITU-R BT.1204 as the editor under ITU-R WP 11B (Television System). • March 1997: Join ITU-T SG 9 (Cable Television and primary & secondary distribution) for developing ITU-T Recommendation J.112 for cable modem specifications (DOCSIS). • December 1997: Appointed to ITU-R TG 11/5 (interactive television) Vice Chairman. After this point, I have been visiting Geneva frequently, twice or more per year. • September 2000, ITU-R Working Party 6M (interactive and multimedia broadcasting) was created from former TG 11/5 and JTG 10-11 (multimedia broadcasting). I was appointed to its Vice Chairman.

  9. How to join international standardization works (2) • Continued: • November 2000: Join ISO/TC 204 (Intelligent Transport Systems) Naples meeting for the first time to ISO as Category A liaison from ITU-R WP 6M • June 2003: Japan NC (National Committee) decided to undertake IEC/TC 100 (audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment) secretariat from Netherlands NC. In October 2003, I was appointed to TC 100 Secretary from the beginning of next year. • Since January 1st 2004, I have been in charge of the Secretary of IEC/TC 100. • Standardization societies are closely overlapped each other • I know many experts who are working in some groups of IEC, ISO/IEC JTC 1, ITU-T and ITU-R.

  10. Development of ITU-R Recommendations (1) • I participated ITU-R Joint Working Party 10-11S (JWP 10-11S/Broadcasting Satellite) in 1998 in order to modify Recommendation ITU-R BO.1130. The following show example of standard (Recommendation) developing procedure in ITU-R: • To join: • ITU has three kinds of membership: • Member States (Administrators) • Sector Members and Associates (The entities other than Administrators) • Toshiba Corporation is a Sector Member in both ITU-R and ITU-T

  11. Development of ITU-R Recommendations (2) • Find an appropriateQuestion: • In order to develop a new Recommendation based on your proposal, an appropriate Question is necessary in advance. • ITU-R has a lot of Questions for various purposes • In the case to modify an existing Recommendation, there is no need to find a Question because at least one Question is already given to the target Recommendation. Recommendation ITU-R B. 1130 was developed using Question ITU-R 93/10.

  12. Development of ITU-R Recommendations (3) • Contribute input documents: • In my case, the first input document was submitted to JWP10-11S meeting in October 1998. This document requested JWP 10-11S to modify “Shadow Report” for digital audio broadcasting systems. • In Japan, the new satellite mobile broadcasting system was still at developing stage. In this timeframe, I could not submit the document to modify Rec. ITU-R BO.1130. • The second input document was submitted to JWP 10-11S in October 1999 to modify Rec. ITU-R BO.1130 • Before the JWP 10-11S meeting, Japanese domestic standardization committee approved the domestic specifications. I was able to submit the document for asking the revision of Recommendation ITU-R BO.1130. • JWP 10-11S approved to send revised Rec. ITU-R BO.1130 to SG. • Joint SG (Study Group) 10-11 (Current SG 6) Extraordinary Meeting in December 1999 adopted revised Recommendation ITU-R BO.1130

  13. REF: Adoption and Approval (from ITU-R Resolution 1-5) 10.1.1 When a study has reached a mature state, based on a consideration of existing ITU‑R documentation and of contributions from Member States, Sector Members or Associates, which has resulted in a draft new or revised Recommendation, the approval process to be followed is in two stages: – adoption by the Study Group concerned; dependent on circumstances, the adoption may take place at a Study Group meeting or by correspondence following the Study Group meeting (see § 10.2); – following adoption, approval by the Member States, either by consultation between Radiocommunication Assemblies or at a Radiocommunication Assembly (see § 10.4); if justified, in some cases these processes may be undertaken simultaneously based on a decision by the Study Group (see § 10.3).

  14. Development of ITU-R Recommendations (4) • Adoption and Approval (Two stages for approval): • Two adoption procedures by Study Group • Procedure for adoption at a Study Group meeting • Procedure for adoption by a Study Group by correspondence • Two final approval procedures by member states: • by consultation between Radiocommunication Assemblies • at a Radiocommunication Assembly (once in 3 – 4 years) • Fast approval procedure for non-regulatory issues • ITU-R provides faster approval procedure for non-regulatory issues. • The procedure is called as PSAA (Procedure for the Simultaneous Adoption and Approval by correspondence)

  15. Development of ITU-R Recommendations (5) • Approval procedure: • Normal procedure • When the document becomes available after SG meeting, adoption process starts • Wait responses in 2 months for adoption process • 1 month after adoption completed by SG, approval process by consultation starts • Voting in 3 months. • 70 % or more favour voting, a new or revised Recommendation is approved • At Radiocommunication Assembly • After justification to apply the document to RA • With 70 % or more favour voting

  16. Development of ITU-R Recommendations (6) • Finally, revised Recommendation ITU-R BO. 1130 was approved in July 2000. From the beginning, it took almost 2 years to the final goal • Japanese satellite mobile broadcasting system is given the name ‘Digital System E’ by Rec. ITU-R BO.1130. • Digital System E is deployed by one broadcasting service provider outside Japan.

  17. Key Points for standardization at ITU-R • Avoid a surprise attack • The timing of the first contribution is important. • You should avoid ‘non tangible proposal with domestic firm decision’ when you join the group for the first time. • Before the completion of adoption procedure, any member state has the right to stop approval process of a new or revised Recommendation. • Any member state has the right of veto (See Next Slide) • Need several months for adoption and approval procedures after SG level approval • As I have explained using other slides

  18. REF: From ITU-R Resolution 1-5 10.2.1.1 A draft Recommendation (new or revised) shall be considered to be adopted by the Study Group if not opposed by any delegation representing a Member State attending the meeting or responding to the correspondence. If a delegation of a Member State opposes the adoption, the Chairman of the Study Group should consult with the delegation concerned in order for the objection to be resolved.

  19. In the case of ITU-T • ITU-R and ITU-T have similar structure however there are some differences: • IEC and ISO have the common ‘Directives’ however ITU-R and ITU-T have different ‘Resolutions’ each other • ITU-R has Resolution 1-5 for developing Recommendation • ITU-T has A-series Recommendations of this category • For fast approval procedure, ITU-T has AAP (Alternative Approval Procedure). AAP is the fastest procedure among all three International Standardization Bodies (IEC, ISO and ITU). • The shortest case using AAP is: • At SG meeting, SG approved to use AAP and to consent a new or revised Recommendation. ITU-T Secretariat circulates last-call document by e-mail and waits one month for comment. If there is no comment, a new or revised Recommendation is approved.

  20. Development of IEC Deliverables (1) • Before coming to IEC, manufactures establish a Consortium/Forum for developing de-facto standards at first. • Single manufacture might not cover all digital technologies of recent systems by itself. • This fact forces relevant manufactures to cooperate together for establishing a new high-tech system through Consortium/Forum activities.

  21. Development of IEC Deliverables (2) • Consortium/Forum chooses an appropriate International Standardization Body • For example, Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA) considered this issue and chose IEC/TC 100. • UPnP chose ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 25 • Deference between IEC and JTC 1 • ISO/IEC JTC 1 has more P/O members than IEC TC 100 • JTC 1 considers P-member abstain voting at NWIP ballot as negative one. ISO and IEC consider it as no count. JTC 1 has its own operational directives. • In some case, Consortium/Forum does not have the right to submit NWIP to IEC, a relevant National Committee submit a NWIP.

  22. Development of IEC Deliverables (3) • Establish a new Project Team • IEC and ISO requires NWIP ballot in order to start Project. In ITU, we could choose an appropriate Question from the list. • Criteria ask positive voting percentage and the number of experts from NCs as: • 50 % and more for positive voting • 25 % and more experts of P-members • IEC/TC 100 has its own rule for the number of experts (see next page) • ISO/IEC JTC 1 has more rigid rule for approving NWIP as it is noted in previous page. Abstain of P-member voting counts as Negative according to its directives.

  23. REF: IEC TC 100 Guidelines and Procedures 10.2 Acceptance of new work Proposal: CA/1368/R Acceptance: CA/1414/RV TC 100 follows the following different rules from the Directives for acceptance of NPs: ⎯ in case a simple majority of P-members voting is in favour of the new project the existing rules should be applied, ⎯ in case of more than two/third of the P-members voting is in favour, the 25% rule is replaced by: In addition to the PL (Project Leader), there should be nominated at least one expert from a different P member country. The PL should be convinced that the target dates for the project could be met. It should also be recognised that many new work item proposals are accompanied by complete specifications hardly needing any technical discussion. When products, based on these specifications, are already in the market place changes are counter-productive, as incompatibilities would occur.

  24. Development of IEC Deliverables (4) • Fast truck approval procedure for well prepared documents: • Level 1: Takes 1 month • Level 2: Takes 5 months • Level 3: Takes 2 months • Total : 8 months • This procedure is applied to mostly the documents provided by established SDOs. • DVB-T/H Specifications • DLNA Specifications • ISO/IEC JTC 1 has a similar procedure for fast approval • Mainly applied to the inputs proposed by “ecma International”

  25. REF: TC 100 Fast Approval Procedure Level 1 10.4.3.2 Practical implementation of Level One Management To limit the time needed for the standardization process and to describe the document flow the following should be taken into account: • On receipt of a new project the TC 100 secretary issues two documents ⎯ an AGM document to proceed in accordance with 10.4.3.1 using the form TC 100 New work item proposal. Target date: 4 weeks after submission of the AGM document. ⎯ a TC 100 informative document containing the AGM document for information and a request to the National Committees for nomination of experts. Target date: 4 weeks after circulation of the DC document. • Based on the comments received on the AGM documents, the TC 100 secretariat decides about the continuation and the allocation of the project in consultation with TC 100/AGM. The results are published in a TC 100 informative document. Target date: 2 weeks after the decision of the TC 100 secretariat. Completion of task for level one is: 1 month

  26. REF: TC 100 Fast Approval Procedure Level 2 10.4.4.2 Practical implementation of Level two (Project Teams) • PL and experts prepare a draft of CDV document in accordance with the level two activities ( 10.4.4.1). Target date: 8 weeks after the circulation of the above TC 100 informative document. • TS sends the TC 100 CDV document with the editorial status of an FDIS to IEC CO for circulation to the National Committees. Target date: 2 weeks from the submission of the draft CDV document. • NCs vote on the CDV. Target date: 5 months after circulation of the CDV.

  27. REF: TC 100 Fast Approval Procedure Level 3 10.4.5.2 Practical implementation of Level Three • Based on the comments received on CDV a voting report is drafted and distributed as a TC 100 RVC. Target date: 2 weeks after closing of the CDV vote. • The approved International Standard is published. Target date: 7 weeks after distribution of the TC 100 RVC.

  28. IPTV End-User System Shuji Hirakawa Ph.D., IEEE Fellow Toshiba Corporation IEC Technical Committee 100 (TC 100) Secretary ITU-R Working Party 6M (WP 6M) Vice Chairman Proceedings of the IEEE, Editorial Board Member

  29. Contents • Between IEC and ITU-R on digital broadcasting • Dr. Sheau’s question and his answers • Telco IPTV service types • The number of FTTH service subscribers in Japan • Existing FTTH services • International Standardizations • IEC TC 100 and its Technical Area 9 for end-user networking • ITU-T FG on IPTV Working Group 5 for end system • MPEG2-TS or MPEG-PS • Telco IPTV services using MPEG2-TS and MPEG-PS • Requirements for IPTV end-user devices • End-user device block diagram and protocol stack • Other requirements for IPTV end-user devices • End-user network and IPTV services

  30. Between IEC and ITU-R • ITU-R SG 6 and IEC TC 100 have implicit but very clear boundary in Broadcasting standardization • TV Broadcasting standardization has long history near 50 years since 1960s • ITU-R SG 6 including its former SGs 10 and 11 has established good relationship with IEC • Especially, receivers and professional recording equipment • ITU-R covers broadcasting side and IEC covers receiver side

  31. Digital broadcasting case • ITU-R developed Recommendations for broadcasting systems and IEC did International Standards of receivers • The following table shows an example of digital broadcasting system Recommendations and their receivers’ International Standards

  32. What is IPTV? Dr. Sheau Ng (Vice President, NBC Universal) raised the question what IPTV is. He gave us the following answers in his paper: • Internet Video (Type 1) • Telco IPTV (Type 2) • TV Over Net or Web TV (Type 3) • End-user devices should receive as many services as possible. • Detailed descriptions of three types are in the following:

  33. Type 1: Internet Video (TV) • Video content that is streamed over the internet to a home PC. User has to navigate, typically via the web browser on their home PC, to a particular website, selects the desired video contents to be viewed, and wait for the video streaming to begin. • Typically, content is viewed on the PC display, rather than a television display, unlike traditional TV content. • Users usually need traditional PC navigation devices, such as a keyboard and a mouse, to interact with the application and make his/her content selection. • In the first presentation, it is called as ‘Internet TV.’ • E.g., YouTube, Google Video, etc in USA • Gyao, etc in Japan.

  34. Type 2: Telco IPTV • Video services comprising a line-up of traditional TV programs, often in metaphors familiar to traditional TV users. • Users typically can choose to watch a “channel” of “linear” TV content. • The service is very similar, and sometimes identical, to a cable or satellite TV service. • A set-top-box (STB) is used to provide the video signal to a TV receiver display in consumer's home. • In some cases, a digital TV setcan be a target receiver of telco IPTV services. • The user typically uses a remote control to navigate, select and interact with contents.

  35. Type 3: TV Over Net or Web TV • A new TV receiver, or an adapter box, will have an Ethernet (RJ-45) jack that is used by the TV to navigate out onto the internet to access specific websites where either live or on-demand video content can be streamed to the TV. • In some parts of the world, such as Japan and parts of Europe, TV receivers that previously use the internet to access non-video data (e.g., local weather, traffic conditions, sports score, etc.) are now able to access video content over the internet. • User uses a remote control to navigate, through the internet-enabled TV receivers, the content selection.

  36. Telco IPTV Service Types • ‘Linear’ IPTV (Type 2) is exactly the same ‘multi-channel television’ service as Cable Television and Satellite Television systems are providing. (I learned the fact at Telecom 2006 in Hong Kong) • Cable Television + DOCSIS (high-speed internet / IP-phone) = Triple-Play • Telephone + Cupper-DSL (high-speed internet + IPTV) = Triple-Play • FTTH (High-speed internet + IP-phone + IPTV) = Triple-Play • An additional element is ‘VoD’ for which conventional Cable Television systems are not so suitable. • There are quite deferent roll-out plans of IPTV services region by region. • In USA, telco IPTV providers are competing with Cable Television Multiple-System Operators. MSOs are still dominant in USA and triple-play providers. • In Japan, FTTH becomes quite popular right now. FTTH subscribers increased 61 % in Year 2006 and became 8.80 Millions while high-speed Cable Internet subscribers were 3.61 Millions as of the end of 2006.

  37. High-speed internet access subscribers in Japan Horizontal: Time, e.g. [18年度] → 2006, Vertical: The number of subscribers in 10 thousand.

  38. Existing FTTH services • I am receiving several ‘advertising leaflets’ inserted into newspapers in a week. • There are two major FTTH providers in my area. • One provider serves 100 Mbit/sec access per subscriber. • The other serves shared 100 Mbit/sec access for individual household however it has additional optical-RF transmission multi-channel TV service using wavelength multiplexing (Sky-Perfect Optical).

  39. Two examples of triple-play service using FTTH

  40. International Standardization Activities in IEC • End-user system comprises ‘terminal (device)’ and ‘end-user network.’ • International Electrotechnical Committee TC 100 (Audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment) has two Technical Areas (TAs): • IEC TC 100/TA 1: Terminals for audio, video and data services and content • IEC TC 100/TA 9: Audio, video and multimedia applications for end-user network

  41. IP connection within end-user network • IEC TC 100 has developed two International Standards based on DLNA Specifications. • IEC 62481-1 Ed.1: DLNA Home networked device interoperability guidelines - Part 1: Architecture and Protocols • IEC 62481-2 Ed.1: DLNA Home networked device interoperability guidelines - Part 2: Media Formats → See next page • ‘DTCP-IP’ allows end-user IP network to carry HDTV content between a TV receiver and digital recording devices under localization restriction (a measured RTT should be less than 7 milliseconds.) • DTCP: Digital Transmission Content Protection • RTT: Round Trip Time • An end-user device with HDTV video decoding capability has high-speed IP connectivity using an RJ-45 connector at least. → Show an example later

  42. Standardization in ITU-T Focus Group on IPTV • ITU-T Focus Group (FG) on IPTV is discussing mainly Type 2 system (Telco IPTV). • ITU-T FG IPTV WG 5 (end systems) is divided into two sub-working groups: • Terminal devices (TDs) / End-user devices • Home network / End-user network

  43. MPEG2-TS or MPEG-PS • ‘Linear’ IPTV (Type 2) is using MPEG2-Transport Stream (MPEG2-TS) mechanism. • Some ‘channels’ of Linear IPTV services come from off-air digital television broadcasting channels that are using MPEG2-TS. • MPEG2-TS may be recorded directly by end-user recording devices. • Telco IPTV enterprise may provide also VoD service using file downloading mechanism into end-user recording media. • Playback from end-user recording media is using MPEG-Program Steam (MPEG-PS) mechanism. • Internet TV (Type 1) providers also use MPEG-PS file downloading mechanism

  44. MPEG2-TS or MPEG-PS (Cont.) • Video content is encoded into Elementary Stream (ES) by MPEG2/4-AVC Encoder. • ES is transformed into Packetized Elementary Stream (PES) • ‘Linear’ IPTV service is based on MPEG2-TS. • PES is carried by MPEG2-TS or MPEG-PS. • MPEG2-TS makes use of PCR information in order to lock MPEG decoding 27 MHz clock to encoding 27 MHz clock frequency. • MPEG2-TS mechanism makes use of ‘push’ technology. • Almost of all VoD services are based on MPEG-PS. • There is no need to lock MPEG decoding 27 MHz clock to any frequency resources. MPEG-PS is based on ‘pull’ technology supposing sufficient buffer storage without buffer-full nor buffer-empty.

  45. An example of Telco IPTV services IP Unicast IP Multicast Off-air channel re-broadcasting channels ‘Linear’ IPTVMPEG2-TS/PES Original channels‘Linear’ IPTVMPEG2-TS/PES Stream Type VoD MPEG-PS Off-air channel Data BroadcastingMPEG2-TS/Section Carousel Transmission File Type Content Downloading

  46. Requirement of IPTV end-user devices • Set Top Box or Digital Television Receiver? • Some of STBs may be distributed to IPTV subscribers (end-users) by Telco IPTV enterprise while some of them are obtained from retail market. • Distributed STBs by some Telco IPTV enterprises may have ‘walled garden’ restriction for ‘linear’ TV and/or VoD services. • HDTV output of STB may be displayed on a TV receiver using HDMI. • All digital television receivers are from retail market. • End-users are like to connect their own property, TV receiver, to any possible source including off-air terrestrial RF channels, satellite channels, some STBs, Internet TV, Telco IPTV, WebTV, etc. • Current digital TV receiver has a lot of connecters on its back panel including HDMIs, Terrestrial Coax, Satellite Coax, IEEE-1394s, RJ-45s, etc. Show an example later. • Remote controller and large screen display

  47. IPTV Terminal Device Block Diagram (FG IPTV) Functional Architecture Block diagram of IPTV Terminal DeviceFrom FG IPTV Doc. 125

  48. An example of end-user device block diagram BCASCard AudioOut AudioDecoder MPEG2-TS De-MUX RF signalFront End Processor Coax RF Tuner De-scramble Post Process/Overlay VideoDecoder Streamingprocess De-cipher Caption CommunicationProcessing HDMI SI/EPG Port BMLBrowser Internet Access MPEG-PSPlayer VoD Control IRRemoteController IPTV Channel Control SecurityModule

  49. Protocol Stack for ‘Off-Air’ digital broadcasting TV, audioService Multimedia service Multimedia coding Subtitle, Superimpose PSI/SI ・ Programindex Mono-media coding Video/audio Carousel TransmissionFormat EachCommunication Protocol Data stream PES Section Section MPEG2-TS (TS packet) Two-way Network(non-mobile network, mobile network) PHY of Digital Broadcasting System OFDM/FEC, 8Vsb/FEC for terrestrial QPSK/8-PSK/FEC for satellite From ARIB STD-B24

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