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R ecent developments on Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) for charged particle tracking.

R ecent developments on Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) for charged particle tracking. Michael Deveaux on behalf of IPHC Strasbourg, IKF Frankfurt/M (Irradiations: F.M. Wagner, MEDAPP, FRM II reactor Munich). Outline The MAPS sensor (reminder) MIMOSA-22, a fast MAPS-sensor

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R ecent developments on Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) for charged particle tracking.

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  1. Recent developments on Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) for charged particle tracking. Michael Deveaux on behalf of IPHC Strasbourg, IKF Frankfurt/M (Irradiations: F.M. Wagner, MEDAPP, FRM II reactor Munich) Outline The MAPS sensor (reminder) MIMOSA-22, a fast MAPS-sensor The SUZE-1 FEE chip Random Telegraph Signal and radiation damage Summary and Conclusion

  2. The operation principle of MAPS +3.3V Reset +3.3V Output SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 N++ N++ P+ N+ P- P+ M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  3. How to build fast MAPS for the MVD: IPHC Strasbourg On - chip zero suppression Discriminators Sensor array Bondingpads + output Amplis. Expected time resolution: ~10 µs (~100 kFrame/s) Readout bus Pixel column SUZE-1 MIMOSA-16 and 22 M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  4. Last years status: MIMOSA-16 32 col. of 128 pixels (25 μm pitch, integrated CDS ) 1 Discriminator/column Tests at CERN-SPS ( 180 GeV pi−) in Summer 2007 Threshold: 6 mV Detection efficiency: 99.88 ± 0.05 (stat) % Fake rate: <10−5 Spatial resolution: 4.6 μm Proof of principle for MAPS with on-pixel CDS and on-chip discriminator (small size only). M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  5. MIMOSA-22, a fast and big chip • MIMOSA – 22: • Test the MIMOSA-16 concept with higher surface • 32 cols x 128 pixels => 128 cols x 576 pixels • 17 different (improved) pixels designs: • New high gain / low noise pixels • Radiation hard pixels • Build smaller pixels • 18.4 μm instead of 25 µm • Read-out time 100 μs ( 104 frames/s ) • JTAG slow control • Programmable test DACs for disciminator tests • 40 MHz digital data output Tested with Fe-55 source and CERN 100 GeV/c pion beam M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  6. Test results of the new preaplifyers • Standard SB-Pixel design (Mimosa-16): • Successfully used since MIMOSA-4 • No dead time • Noise: ~15e- with on-pixel CDS, else ~ 9e- New in MIMOSA-22 • Noise: • 10 < N < 14 e− ENC + 5 e− ENC Fix pattern noise (individual pixel offset) • Rad hard: 1e− ENC more than standard version • CCE : • 3x3 pixels : 70 – 80 % • 5x5 pixels : 80 – 90 % M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  7. Discriminator Threshold Discriminator Threshold Beam test results of MIMOSA-22 Detection efficiency Fake hit rate All pixels of interest show: Detection efficiency: >99.8% Fake hit rate: O(10-4 – 10-5) Spatial resolution: ~3.5 µm (~ Pitch / 5) M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  8. On - chip zero suppression Discriminators Sensor array Bondingpads + output Amplis. Readout bus SUZE – 1 data sparsification circuit • Chip with integrated Ø and output memories (no pixels) • Algorithm: • Step1: find up to 6 series of 4 neighbour pixels / raw in block of 64 cols. • Step2: Read-out all blocks, keep up to 9 series of 4 pixels. • Output memory: • 4 x (512x16 bits) taken from AMS I.P. lib. • Surface: • 3.9 × 3.6 mm² • Test result: • Works fine up to 115% clock frequency • Can handle up to 100 hits/frame at 104 frame/s Pixel column SUZE-1 How to build fast MAPS for the MVD M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  9. Next Step: MIMOSA-26 • MIMOSA-26 • Pixels + Ø-suppression • Expanded surface: • 1152 cols x 576 pixels • 21.2 x 10.6 mm² • 18.6 µm pixel pitch • Expanded data sparsification circuit • 18 blocks of 64 columns • Max. 9 clusters per row • Data rate: 80 Mbits/s • Submission November 2008 SUZE-1 Ø -suppression circuit MIMOSA-22 Sensor MIMOSA-26 M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  10. Radiation hardness studies together with M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  11. Signal [ADC] Time Random Telegraph Signal • Random Telegraph Signal: • Modulation of an output signal between two “quantum levels”. • Random period length. • RTS in MAPS sensors first described by Hopkinson (2000)* Output signal of two MAPS pixels * G.R. Hopkinson: “Radiation Effects in a CMOS Active Pixel Sensor”, IEEE-NSS Vol. 47, No. 6, P. 2480 D. Doering, Bachelor Thesis D. Doering, Bachelor Thesis RTS may generate fake-hits if amplitude exceeds discriminator threshold. Problem for MAPS being used in HEP – experiments? M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  12. Fake hit rate of MAPS with Random Telegraph Signal MIMOSA-18 (SB-pixel, irradiated at MEDAPP, FRM II, Munich) D. Doering, Bachelor Thesis Preliminary Affected SB-pixels remain sensitiv. The fake hit rate of MAPS shrinks with cooling. Identified RTS pixels contribute ~60 – 80 % of all fake hits. M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  13. Pixel Y Normal Pixel RTS Pixel Pixel X Distribution of RTS-pixels D. Doering, Bachelor Thesis • Up to ~10% of all pixels are affected. • Masking of pixels is not possible but pixels stay sensitiv • Operate pixels, tolerate fake hits ( ~ 104 / frame for full MVD) Note: Fast MAPS might show less RTS than MIMOSA-18 M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  14. Standard collection diode ( ~ 3 x 4 µm²) MIMOSA-Pixel with 10 x 10 µm² Sensors with improved charge collection efficiency M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  15. How to escape here? Diode 1 Diode 2 Sensors with improved charge collection efficiency Bigger collection diodes may improve CCE Improved CCE => improved radiation hardness Tested with MIMOSA-19 (by IPHC) M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  16. Results A. Büdenbender, Bachelor Thesis T= -20 °C Charge collection efficiency is indeed substantially increased But the bigger collection diodes generate more noise M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  17. S/N of the sensors A. Büdenbender, Bachelor Thesis Insufficient S/N Both MIMOSA-18 and MIMOSA-19 seem fairly radiation hard Big diodes have no advantages because of high noise M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

  18. Summary • At IPHC, a first sizable chip with column parallel readout was produced • and tested in the CERN – SPS pion beam: • Features: • reduced noise 15 e- => 10 – 14 e- , det. eff. > 99.8 % • pitch 18.4 μm, resolution = 3.5 µm • An FEE chip with cluster finding circuits (SUZE-1) was successfully tested. • MIMOSA-26 integrating the full discrimination chain will be submitted • in November. • Radiation hardness tests were undertaken at IKF: • A radiation hardness of 1013 neq/cm² has been shown for two pixel concepts • The effect of Random Telegraph Signal was identified as dominating source • of background hits in MAPS • Studies on RTS suggest, that RTS can be tolerated if chips are cooled M. Deveaux, 12th CBM Collaboration Meeting, 13 - 18 Oct. 2008 JINR Dubna, Russia

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