Chapter 5: Patterns of Organization

1. Chapter 5: Patterns of Organization Bridging the Gap, 9/eBrenda Smith 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

2. In This Chapter You Will Answer the Questions: • How do transitional words signal organizational patterns? • What organizational patterns are used in textbooks? • Why are several organizational patterns sometimes combined to develop a main idea? 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

3. Textbook Organization: The Big Picture • Patterns identify the main idea. • Signal words can reveal a particular pattern. • Anticipate the overall pattern of organization. • Place the major supporting details into the outline pattern used by the author. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

4. What do Transitional Words Do? • They can signal the levels of importance, a connection, or a direction of thought. • They are sometimes called signal words. • They show the relationship of ideas. See the Reader’s Tip on Patterns of Organization and Signal Words on page 247. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

5. Reader’s Tip: Signal Words for Transition • Addition: in addition, furthermore, moreover • Examples: for example, for instance, to illustrate, such as • Time: first, secondly, finally, last, afterward • Comparison: similarly, likewise, in the same manner • Contrast: however, but, nevertheless, whereas, on the contrary, conversely, in contrast • Cause and effect: thus, consequently, therefore, as a result 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

6. Simple Listing • Items are randomly listed in a series of supporting facts or details. • Supporting elements are of equal value. • The order in which they are presented is of no importance. • Changing the order of the items does not change the meaning of the paragraph. • Use transitional words such as in addition, also, another, several, for example, a number of. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

7. Definition • The concept is defined initially. • Then it is expanded with examples and restatements. • A defined term is usually signaled by italicized or boldfaced type. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

8. Description • Description is similar to listing. • The characteristics are similar to a definition. • It is similar to a simple list of details. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

9. Time Order, Sequence, or Narration Items are listed: • In the order in which they occurred (Ex: time order) • In a specifically planned order in which they must develop(Ex: narrative writing, tells a story) 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

10. Contrast With Contrast: • Items are presented according to differences between them. • Signal words include: • different • in contrast • on the other hand • but • however • bigger than 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

11. Comparison • Items are presented according to similarities among them. • Signal words include: • similar • in the same way • parallels 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

12. Comparison & Contrast • This combines both comparisons and contrasts together into a single paragraph. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

13. Cause and Effect • An element is shown as producing another element. • One is the cause or the “happening.” • The other is the particular result or effect produced by the cause. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

14. Classification • This is used to simplify a complex topic. • Information is divided into a certain number of groups or categories. • The divisions are named. • The parts are explained. • Signals words include: • two divisions • three groups • four elements • five classes • six levels • seven categories 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

15. Summary • A summary comes at the end of an article or chapter • It condenses the main idea into a short concluding statement. • Signal words include: • in conclusion • briefly • to sum up • in short • in a nutshell. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

16. Location or Spatial Order • This identifies the whereabouts of a place or object. • Signal words are: • north • next to • near • below • close by • within • around 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

17. Generalization and Example • A general statement or conclusion is supported with specific examples. • Signal words include: • to restate that • that is • for example • to illustrate • for instance 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

18. Mixed Organizational Patterns • Often articles have an overall pattern with individual paragraphs having a different pattern. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

19. Summary Points • What are transitional words? • What is an organizational pattern, and how many types of patterns can be used in textbooks? • Why are several organizational patterns sometimes combined to develop a main idea? 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

20. Concept Prep for Art History • Fine art is a visual interpretation of reality and a reflection of past taste and values. • Art tells us about people and their culture. • Fine arts refers to painting, sculpture, literature, architecture, drama, music, opera, dance and film. • Some of the great artists are: • Leonardo da Vinci • Michelangelo • Claude Monet • Vincent van Gogh • Pablo Picasso • Mary Cassatt • Frida Kahlo • Georgia O’Keeffe 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

21. Concept Prep for Business • What is a CD (certificate of deposit)? • What is a bond? • What is a mutual fund? • What is a capital gain? See page 287 in your textbook for a discussion of these key concepts in the business world. 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

22. Search the Net For suggested Web sites and other research activities, go to http://www.ablongman.com/smith/ 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers

23. Vocabulary Booster Complete the exercises for prefixes and root words entitled “What’s In, What’s Out? What’s Hot, What’s Not?” 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Publishers