P94.

1. P94. • Transfer, interference, and overgeneralization 4A0C0905 Eva 程雯祺 4A0C0906 Leanne 沈家如 4A040013 Eric 李柏衡 4A0C0059Ellen 廖佩欣

2. 轉移 Transfer 干擾 Interference 過度類化 Overgeneralization

4. 正面轉移 (positive transfer) 1. 發生在先前的知識是對學習 目標有助益時 負面轉移 (negative transfer) 1. 發生在先前的表現防礙了第 二個目標的表現 轉移 TRANSFER

5. 干擾 INTERFERENCE • “負面轉移”(negative) 可歸內為干擾。 先前所學干擾往後的事物，也就是先前所學的項目與即將學習的項目不正確地被轉移或有不正確的關聯時，它就會發生

6. Native language Second language People usually use the spoken habits of native language to learn second language. Therefore, it causes a situation, called "interference" interference

7. For example • (In Spanish)¿Cómo se apellida usted?你姓什麼 • (In English) What is last name you? • In that case, because of the .The English system has interfered with a correct Spanish form. negative transfer People will use the previous language to simplify the process of learning a second language.

8. But the benefit is far weight than its defect. You can learn the second language by one-to-one word translation from native language to the second language. Positive transfer

9. Generalization Generalization is a crucially important and pervading strategy in human learning. Means : to infer or derive a law, rule, or conclusion, usually from the observation of particular instances.

10. In second language acquisition it has been common to refer to overgeneralization as a process that occurs as the second language learner acts within the target language, generalizing a particular rule or item in the second language – irrespective of the native language - beyond legitimate bounds.

11. Examples Overgeneralize regular past-tense ending ( walked, opened) as applicable to all past-tense forms ( goed, flied ) John doesn’t can study. He told me when should I get off the trains.

12. Unaware that these rules have special constraints, the learner overgeneralizes. Such overgeneralization is committed by learners of English from almost any native language background.

13. (1)   受母語中文使用習慣的干擾(interference) 主要是因學習者的母語使用習慣負面轉移(negatively transfer)到英文寫作上而不自知，如以下例句: *Biochemists are making research into the causes of AIDS.  (生化學家正在做研究探討愛滋病的成因。) 上句中要表達「作研究」，很多人因受中文影響就會使用make這個動詞，形成*making research (v. + n.)的搭配，可是在英文裡make和research的搭配並沒有「作研究」的意義，而是要用另一個動詞do才正確，如以下句子: Biochemists are doing research into the causes of AIDS.

14. (2)英文使用的過度類化(overgeneralization) 這通常是因為寫作者的英文已有一定的基礎，對於某些詞彙的表達過於自信，將在某文境(context)中正確的搭配用法類推到另一文境時，卻產生錯誤的搭配。例如很多學生都知道「犯罪」可說為commit a crime，而在表達「犯錯」時就類推為*commit a mistake，卻不自覺這樣的搭配是錯誤的。又如下例: The research result wasextremely disappointing. (研究結果極為失望。) 上句中extremely disappointing (adv. + adj.)是正確的搭配，但若將之類化成以下句子就錯了: *The research result was anextremedisappointment. 因為extremedisappointment (adj. + n.)並不是正確的搭配，要改寫成great disappointment才是合理的搭配。而從正確的extremely disappointing類推成錯誤的extremedisappointment就是作者的一種過度類化。