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Understanding Nationalism: Types, Movements, and Historical Impact in Europe

This chapter explores the various types of nationalist movements, including unification, separation, and state-building, with examples from Italy and Germany. It examines how nationalism affected aging empires like Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire, leading to their dissolution. The roles of key figures such as Camilodi Cavour and Otto von Bismarck in the unification of Italy and Germany are highlighted, alongside pivotal wars that shaped national identities. The rise of nation-states from these movements and their lasting impact on European history are also discussed.

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Understanding Nationalism: Types, Movements, and Historical Impact in Europe

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  1. Chapter 8 Section 3 Nationalism

  2. Types of Nationalist Movements • 1. Unification • - Mergers of politically divided by culturally similar lands • - Examples- Italy and Germany • 2. Separation • -Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away • - Examples-Greece, Mexico • 3. State- Building • -Culturally different groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture. • - examples- The U.S. and Turkey

  3. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires • 1. The Austrian Empire • - Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, and Italians • - Austro- Prussian war lose German States • - Hungarians pressure Emperor Francis Joseph to split empire in two (Austria- Hungary) • - After WWI breaks into several Nation- States • 2. The Russian Empire • - Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks • - Try Russificationbut it backfires and strengthens nationalist sentiments • - WWI and the communist revolution finally dissolve it in 1917 • 3. The Ottoman Empire • - Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians • -Give equal citizenship to all people in 1856 leads to many problems • -Finally breaks up after WWI

  4. Italy • 1. Camilodi Cavour named Sardinia’s Prime minister. • - Wants to Unite Northern Italy • - With France’s help defeat Austria and get’s all of Northern Italy except Venetia • - Secretly helps Nationalist rebels in Southern Italy • 2. Giuseppe Garibaldi • - Nationalist leader captures Sicily in May 1860 • - After Sicily goes north and captures more of Italy • - Agreed to unite lands he had gained with those held by Piedmont- Sardinia. Sardinian king rules. • 3. Italy United • - 1866 Venetia taken • -1870 Papal states under Italian control

  5. Germany • 1. Prussia • - Prussia mainly has a German Population • - Had most powerful army in Central Europe • - 1848 Berlin rioters force a constitutional convention and write a liberal constitution. • 2. Otto von Bismarck • - King Wilhelm needs support with new parliament • -Chooses Otto von Bismarck a conservative Junker to be his Prime Minister • -Bismarck master of realpolitik- “the politics of reality” tough power politics with no room for idealism • - Bismarck declares he will rule without the consent of parliament and without a legal budget • -1864 Prussia forms and alliance with Austria and goes to war with Denmark- gains two border provinces • 3. Seven Weeks War • -Prussia provokes Austria into war. • - Prussia wins devastating victory and humiliates Austria. • - Prussia takes control of Northern Germany • 4. Franco Prussian War • - By 1867 only a few southern German states not under Prussian Control • - S. Germans mainly Catholic while Prussians Protestant • -Bismarck thinks war with France will rally the South to their side • -Prussia lies about France until France finally declares war in 1870 • - Franco-Prussian war stirs up Nationalist feelings in the South- They join Prussia in 1871.

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