PARISROC P hotomultiplier Ar ray I ntegrated in S iGe R ead O ut C hip

1. PARISROCPhotomultiplier Array Integrated in SiGe Read Out Chip Selma CONFORTI DI LORENZO Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

2. Outline • PMm² R&D program • PARISROC ASIC* • (*Application Specific Integrated Circuit) • Measurements • PARISROC second version Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

3. Motivations for PMm² project (1/2) Large underground detectors • Megaton Mass Physics • proton decay • solar neutrinos • atmospheric neutrinos • neutrinos from supernova νµ 11146 20-inch 1885 8-inch The neutrinos non-charged particles low interactions with the matter The principle of their detection: neutrinos interacts with the matter producing charged particles that can create Cerenkov light Information from the PMTs: The energy, direction, interaction point and the type of the charged particle 10 p.e./ MeV SuperKamiokande Kamioka Observatory Japan 1000 m rock/50 kt 11,200 20-inch PMTs; Each PMT is connected to high voltage supplies and signal processing electronics via a single cable Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

4. Motivations for PMm² project (2/2) Hyper-Kamiokande JAPAN MEMPHYS (Megaton Mass Physics detector) EUROPE Photo-detection 100.00020-inch PMTs Detector design 3 shafts440 kt Photo-detection 8100012-inch PMTs Detector design 2 twin tunnels2*275kt LBNE (Long Base line Neutrinos Experiment) USA Extension of mass to 500 kt Larger number of PMTs (Factor 10) Photo-detection ~ 100.00012-inch PMTs Complexity reduction Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

5. PMm² general description • Replace large PMTs (20-inch) by macro pixel (2*2 m²) of 16 smallerones (12-inch) • with central ASIC : • - Triggerless front-end electronics with independent channels; • - Charge and time measurement; • - Common High Voltage; • - Only one wire out (DATA + power supply) to the surface DAQ (DATA ACQUISITION). Front-end electronic closed to the PMTs array underwater = PMm² stands for “Square Meter Photomultiplier” Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

6. PMm² ANR (2007-2010) (1/2) «Electronique innovante pour photodétecteurs distribués en physique des particules et astroparticules» Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

7. Thesis objective Meglio un giorno da Fisico che 100 da Ingegnere ASIC realization Second phase Architecture conception First phase Study of ASIC requirements CADENCE: “Composer schematic editor”→ schematic design “ Spectre” → Simulations Third phase Design and realization Fourth phase Prototype measurements CADENCE: “Virtuoso”→ Layout “ Assura” → Layout verification Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

8. ASIC requirements - SoC (System on Chip); -Analog F.E. + charge and time digitization; -16PMTsindependent channels; - 1/3 p.e. 100% trigger efficiency; - Charge dynamic range 0 to 300p.e.(at PMT gain 106); - 1 ns time stamping resolution; - Each channel has a variable gain: To compensate gain vs HV spread for the 16 PMTs; - Triggerless mode: All the PMTs signals above the threshold (1/3 p.e.) generate a trigger and are converted in digital data. Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

9. PARISROC 1 Architecture Input: 1pe; G_pa=8 20mV/div 50ns/div 15ns 5ns 5ns Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

10. PARISROC 1 Schematic Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

11. PARISROC 1 Simulation To model PMT input signal • Output signals • Linearity • Noise Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

12. PARISROC 1 Prototype Sent for fabrication in June 2008 to AMS foundry received in December 2008 Technology: AMS SiGe 0.35 µm Surface: 17 mm² Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

13. PARISROC 1 Measurements (1/2) “Test group” Oscilloscope Signal Generator TEST BENCH TEST BOARD DC supply Dedicated Labview Input signal short for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench 50 fC and 50 pC (from 1/3 to 300 p.e.) at PMT gain 106 Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

14. PARISROC 1 Measurements (2/2) • Each analog block tested • in terms of: • Output signals • Linearity • Noise • Triggerless mode → S-Curve • 1/3 p.e. 100% trigger efficiency → Trigger efficiency • Charge and time digitization → Complete chain Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

15. S-Curve When the signal is lower than the threshold the trigger efficiency is of 100%, when the signal amplitude becomes higher than the threshold, the trigger efficiency falls progressively to zero. Output Trigger No Output Trigger Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

16. Trigger efficiency (1/2) Channel one scanning the threshold and the charge until 3 p.e. 3 p.e. 0 p.e. Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

17. Trigger efficiency (2/2) The linearity is correct down to 100 fC which corresponds to 10 σ (σ =13 fC) noise instead of the 5 σ noise expected from theory Coupling signal 5 σ noise > 1/3 p.e. Minimum threshold Clock noise Minimum threshold LSB DAC= 1.7 mV Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

18. Overall chain measurements The whole chain is, now, tested injecting a charge in the input of the channel: the signal is amplified, auto-triggered, held in the SCA cell and converted by the ADC. Clock Noise Residuals -6 to 14 UADC Charge distribution for channel one and 3 p.e. of injected charge Until 50 p.e. A nice linearity of 1.5% and a noise of 6 UADC are obtained (~ 6 mV) 10 bit ADC Gpa 14 SSH 50ns LSB 1 mV 28000 events mean value plotted Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

19. Fine Time tested by IPNO team The TDC has been reconstructed from the time values saved in the analog memory and converted by the ADC (10-bit). Dynamic range of the two ramps 622 UADC → 83 ns with a resolution of 133 ps/ch. “Blind zone” of around 30 ns thus the 30% error in time of 6 ns offset in the start and in the end of the ramps linear zone of 70 ns Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

20. 16 one-inch PMTs (1/2) tested by IPNO team • The 16 PMTs tests: • PARISROC chip, • the PMm2 box (all in the pressure vessel) • the DAQ software. Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

21. 16 one-inch PMTs (2/2) tested by IPNO team Remote Captureof PMT Charge Spectrum fromPMm2 full electronics(on Air) Signal acquired remotely (250 km in this case) via TCP/IP network Single p.e. response for each 16 channels after pedestal subtraction and gain matching. Threshold 0.2 p.e. Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

22. Measurements conclusions • Good PARISROC 1 overall performances: • Triggerless mode→ OK • Chargeand Time digitized data → OK • Some limitations: • A clock coupling noise • An extra source of noise • A discriminator coupling signal that limits the minimum threshold at around ½ p.e. • TDC blind zone Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

23. Why a new version of PARISROC ? • Designed to solve some minor bugs of v1 (extra noise, fine time) • To reduce loss of events PARISROC 1: - PMTs noise @ 5kHz - Conversion 12 bits - Read out 10 MHz - Analog memory depth 2 loss of events of 16 % PARISROC 2: - PMTs noise @ 5kHz - Conversion 8 bits - Read out 40 MHz -Analog memory depth 2 loss of events of 0.3 % Spead-up the trigger processing !!! Decreasing the ADC bits and increasing the readout frequency Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

24. PARISROC second prototype (1/2) • 2nd version submitted in November 2009 and received in February 2010 • Conceived to solve some minor bugs of v1 (extra noise) • Improvements: • - ADC resolution decreased from 12 to 10 bits; • - Keep the dynamic range precision using 2 gains; • - Improvement to coarse and fine time; • - Increase clock to 40MHz. Technology: AMS SiGe 0.35 µm Surface: 17 mm² Package: CQFP160 Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

25. PARISROC second prototype (2/2) Test started in March 2010 - Improvement in noise : low noise; no clock noise - No coupling signal; - Trigger improvement @ 1/3 of p.e. (@ PMT gain 106) (limited in the first version at around ½ pe) Good linearity down to 35 fC= 5 σ noise σ= 7 fC coupling signal improved threshold can be set at 1/3 of p.e. 5σ noise < 1/3 p.e. clock noise improved Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

26. CONCLUSIONS The PARISROC2 ASIC fulfils the requirements of the project. It is available to be used in physics experiments and tested in real detectors. Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

27. Perspectives The idea of the PMm² project to perform a new generation of “smart photo-detectors” composed by sensor and readout electronics has been demonstrated Demonstrator realized by the IPNO with 16 x 8-inch Hamamatsu tubes. Future test will be performed with this demonstrator and the PARISROC 2 ASIC and it might be used by MEMPHYNO collaboration (APC and LAPP). • Different international experiments are interested by the ASIC as: • Chinese project LHAASO • The European MEMPHYS or LENA • LBNE in USA. Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

28. J'ai soutenu le 6 octobre!!!!! Selma Simpson Merci!!!! Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

29. Backup Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

30. A Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory LHAASO Project YBJ, Tibet 4300m a.s.l. 4360 m Tibet Site in Yangbajing Valley • Gamma ray astronomy from 40GeV to 1PeV; • Cosmic ray physics from 10TeV to 1EeV. Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

31. LHAASO Project A Complex Detector Array Scintillation detector And muon detectors Scintillation detector Array Cerenkov Telescope Array Water Cerenkov Detector Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

32. MEMPHYNO Project A small-scale MEMPHYS prototype Test bench for photo-detection and electronic solution for LARGE detectors • Full test of the “electronic and acquisition” chain; • Trigger threshold study; • Self-triggered mode; • Track reconstruction performances. * Michela Marafini “Water cerenkov R&D in Europe” NNN09 Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010

33. Digital part Selective Read Out 4 modules: Acquisition, Conversion, Read Out and Top manager. Acquisition: Analog memory Conversion: Analog charge and time into 12 bits digital value saved in register (RAM) Read Out: RAM read out to an external system • Only hit channels are readout • Readout clock : 10 MHz • Max Readout time (16 ch hit) : 100 µs • 52 bits of data / hit channel • Readout format (MSB first) : 4 bits channel # + 24 bits timestamp + • 12 bits charge + 12 bits time Journées Jeunes Chercheurs 2010