Solutions

1. Solutions

2. Describe the properties of a solution. • Identify the solute and solvent in the preparation of a solution. • Describe and give examples of various types of solutions. • Differentiate between solution terms.

4. Pure substances – substances in which all particles have the same properties. Mixtures - contains more than one kind of particle.

5. Heterogeneous mixtures • not evenly distributed. • individual particles are usually distinguishable. • Sand and water • Salt and pepper • Sometimes called suspensions. • Use filters to separate suspension components. • Heterogeneous mixtures will often settle out if left to stand.

6. Heterogeneous mixtures can occur between two or more liquids. Emulsion - a suspension of liquids. If we let emulsions sit, they will eventually separate too.

7. Colloids / Gels • Not easily filteredand do not settle out. • Groups of largemolecules suspended in mixture. • Are usually opaque or translucent • Light scatters off particles and does not pass through mixture – Tyndall Effect Can look homogenous: Blood, milk, mayonnaise, whip cream, jelly…

8. Homogeneous mixtures • particles of are evenly distributed. • cannot be easily separated. • Salt or sugar dissolved in water SOLUTION - a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances where all substances are distributed as individual molecules or ions. • Solutions do NOT settle out if left to stand. • Solutions cannot be easily filtered. • Usually called solutions.

9. Asolution is made up of one or moresolutes and asolvent. Solvent - is the substance that does the dissolving. Solute- is the dissolved substance. If a mixture of same states, the solvent is the substance present in the largeramount. Solutions which have water as the solvent are known as aqueous solutions.

10. solute insoluble soluble soluble If a substance is able to dissolve in a solvent, we call the substance soluble. If a substance does not dissolve in a solvent, that substance is said to be insoluble. The terms soluble and insoluble are relative terms.

11. Whentwo liquids dissolvein each other, like alcohol and water, we say the liquids are miscible. When they do not dissolve, like oil and water, we say they are immiscible. Allmixtures of gases are solutions. All gases mix to form homogeneous mixtures.

12. Solutions of metals are called alloys. Metals are mixed to take advantage of their individual properties - malleability, density, strength and resistance to oxidation (rusting). Steel - iron and carbon (stronger) Brass - copper and zinc (stronger) Bronze - copper and tin (stronger) Stainless steel - steel with chromium (resists rust) Gold - gold and copper (harder)

13. Mixtures liquid liquid solid liquid miscible insoluble immiscible soluble (dissolve) (dissolve) solution emulsion suspension solution (homogeneous) (heterogeneous) (heterogeneous) (homogeneous) solid solid gas gas soluble soluble (dissolve) (dissolve) alloy solution (homogeneous) (homogeneous)

14. Ca(NO3)2(s) ethanol (l) Ioniccalcium nitrate is soluble in polarethanol – this is a homogeneoussolution. octane (l) ethanol (l) Nonpolaroctane is immisciblein polarethanol – this is a heterogeneousemulsion.

15. Key Words pure substances mixtures suspensions solute insoluble heterogeneous solution emulsion soluble miscible immiscible alloys homogeneous solvent Colloid Tyndall Effect