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Chapter 3 Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 3 Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology. Genital Self-Exam. Purposes of self exams Increases sexual comfort Monitor for changes related to health concerns. The Vulva. External female genitalia Mons veneris Labia majora Labia minora. The Clitoris. Only function is sexual arousal

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Chapter 3 Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology

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  1. Chapter 3Female Sexual Anatomy and Physiology

  2. Genital Self-Exam • Purposes of self exams • Increases sexual comfort • Monitor for changes related to health concerns

  3. The Vulva • External female genitalia • Mons veneris • Labia majora • Labia minora

  4. The Clitoris • Only function is sexual arousal • Clitoral stimulation most common way women achieve orgasm • Female genital mutilation

  5. The Underlying Structures of the Vulva

  6. The Vulva • Vestibule (inside the labia minora) • Urethral opening • Vaginal introitus (opening) • Hymen • Perineum • Episiotomy

  7. Underlying Structures • Vestibular bulbs • Bartholin’s glands • Pelvic floor muscles • Kegel exercises

  8. Underlying Structures

  9. Internal Structures: Vagina • 3 layers: mucous, muscle, fibrous • Arousal and vaginal lubrication • Lubrication changes vaginal pH and increases pleasure • Grafenberg (G) spot • Secretions & chemical balance

  10. Internal Structures

  11. Internal Structures • Cervix • Uterus • 3 layers and fundus • Fallopian tubes • Fimbriae • Ovaries • Up to 472,000 immature ova at birth • 400 mature in lifetime • Ovulation is the release of ovum

  12. Menstruation • Sloughing off of uterine lining • Myths and negative attitudes • Menarche (initial onset) • Age 11-15 • Dependent on: • Heredity • Health • Altitude

  13. Menstrual Physiology • Flow • lasts from 2 to 6 days • Volume • varies from 6 to 8 ounces • Duration • varies 24 to 42 days • Menstrual synchrony

  14. Changes During the Menstrual Cycle

  15. The Menstrual Cycle • Hypothalamus releases chemicals that stimulate pituitary • Pituitary produces • Follicle Stimulating Hormone • Lutenizing Hormone • Negative feedback mechanism

  16. Three Phases of The Menstrual Cycle • Menstrual • Shedding of endometrium • Proliferative • Thickening of endometrium, follicle maturation & ovulation • Secretory • Corpus luteum development, further thickening of endometrium

  17. Menstrual Cycle Problems • Premenstrual syndrome • Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) • Dysmenorrhea • painful menses • Amenorrhea • no menses • Self-help for menstrual symptoms • Diet • Exercise • Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

  18. Menopause Terms • Climacteric • Physiological changes during transition period of fertility to infertility • Perimenopause • Time before menopause • Menopause • Permanent cessation of menstruation

  19. Menopausal Symptoms • Amenorrhea, then menopause • Hot flashes or warm spells • Night sweats, interrupted sleep • Headaches, poor concentration • Depression, anxiety • Symptoms vary from mild to strong

  20. Hormone Therapy • Estrogen • Benefits/Problems • Progesterone • Benefits/Problems • Testosterone • Benefits/Problems • Bioidentical Hormones

  21. Gynecological Health Concerns • Urinary tract infections • Vaginal infections • Pap smear screens for cervical cancer • Hysterectomy or oophorectomy • Most frequently performed U.S. operation • More frequently performed on low income, less educated women • Non-surgical options

  22. The Breast • Secondary sex characteristics • Mammary glands produce milk • Areola is darker area • Nipple is in center of areola & has openings for milk

  23. Cross-Section of Breast

  24. Breast Health • Breast Lumps • Cysts (fluid-filled sacs) • Fibroadenomas (solid, round, benign tumors) • Malignant tumor • Breast cancer • Treatments • Risk factors • Reconstructive breast surgery • Benefits of early detection & treatment

  25. Chapter 4 Male Sexual Anatomy and Physiology

  26. The Penis • External anatomy of the penis includes: • Foreskin, glans, shaft, root Why is it important to conduct regular genital self-exams, and what should a man look for?

  27. The Penis

  28. The Penis • Internal anatomy of the penis includes: • Cavernous bodies (corpora cavernosa) • Spongy body (corpus spongiosum) • Penile urethra

  29. The Penis

  30. The Penis • Corona • Frenulum • Glans

  31. The Scrotum • Sac or pouch with two chambers • Muscle layer (tunica dartos) • Pulls sac closer to body in cold temperatures • Spermatic cord

  32. The Testes • Testes • Secrete male hormones • Produce sperm • Cryptorchidism • Undescended testis • Self-exam is recommended

  33. Underlying Structures of the Scrotum

  34. The Testes • Seminiferous tubules • Site of sperm production • Interstitial cells • Major source of androgens • Epididymis • Sperm maturation

  35. Internal Structure of a Testis

  36. The Vas Deferens • Move sperm from scrotum to ejaculatory duct through prostate • Ejaculatory ducts open into the urethra

  37. Male Sexual Anatomy

  38. Male Sexual Anatomy • Seminal Vesicle • Secretes 70% of seminal fluid • Prostate Gland • Secretes 30% of seminal fluid • Cowper’s Glands • Secretes fluid before ejaculations • May contain active, healthy sperm • Semen (seminal fluid) • Volume is about 1 teaspoon • 200 to 500 million sperm

  39. Erection • Coordinated by autonomic nervous system • Arteries expand • Blood out flow cannot keep up with in flow • Capacity for erection is present at birth • Psychogenic and physiogenic erections

  40. Ejaculation • Spinal reflex triggers two phases • Emission • Fluid in urethral bulb • Expulsion • Semen expelled • Retrograde ejaculation • Nocturnal ejaculation

  41. Concerns about Sexual FunctioningPenis Size • Penis size is seen as a symbol of virility • Erect penises show less variation than flaccid • Size NOT related to sexual satisfaction • Penile augmentation • Genital retraction syndrome

  42. Concerns about Sexual Functioning • Phimosis • Extremely tight foreskin • Circumcision • Hygienic value & risk for STI’s question • Medical risks • AAP: moderate opposition

  43. Male Genital HealthPenis Health-Care Issues • Cleanliness • Smegma • Infections • Reaction to vaginal secretions • Injuries • Penile cancer

  44. Male Genital HealthTesticle Health-Care Issues • Testicular Cancer • More common in young men (20 to 35 years old) • Risk factors • Hard or irregular mass in testes • Survival is greater than 90% if detected early

  45. Male Genital HealthProstate Health-Care Issues • Prostate diseases • Prostatitis • enlarged and inflamed • Benign prostatic hyperplasia • Prostate cancer • PSA test • Treatment options for prostate cancer

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