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12.2 – The Mongol Conquests

12.2 – The Mongol Conquests. Geography of the Steppe. Eastern section ( Mongolia ) – home of the Huns, Turks , & the Mongols Short grasses & little rain Dramatic temperature changes Movements west & south = milder climate & more rainfall. Nomads.

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12.2 – The Mongol Conquests

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  1. 12.2 – The Mongol Conquests

  2. Geography of the Steppe • Eastern section (Mongolia) – home of the Huns, Turks, & the Mongols • Short grasses & little rain • Dramatic temperature changes • Movements west & south = milder climate & more rainfall

  3. Nomads • Pastoralists = Nomads that herd domesticated animals • Follow seasonal pattern of movement = battle over grassland & water • Depend on animals for everything • Travel together, forming clans • Raid & plunder other clans or weakened/divided empires

  4. Rise of the Mongols • 1206: Mongols united by Temujin; takes title of Genghis Khan (“universal ruler”) • Ruthless campaigns across Asia • Slaughters those who don’t surrender • Destroys Cities (ex. Samarkand) • Gains vast riches = plunder • 1225: Central Asia under Mongol rule

  5. The Conqueror • Brilliant Organizer • Small, mobile armies of 10k w/ leaders being most experienced & loyal • Great Strategist • Feint-&-Attack – Fall back & spring the trap • Siege warfare = launch diseased cows into cities • Cruel • Threatened to kill an entire cities if they didn’t surrender = causes many to surrender w/o a fight • Dies in 1227 from illness

  6. Genghis Khan’s Empire

  7. Empire • X<50yrs: Control lands stretching from China to Poland = largest unified land empire in history • Even defeat China, invade Korea, & conquer Persia • Divide empire into 4 regions or khanates, each ruled by a descendant of Genghis Khan • Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia & China) • Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia) • Ilkhanate (Persia) • Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia)

  8. Mongol Rule • Many areas never recover: • Populations wiped out • Irrigation destroyed • Ferocious in war, tolerant in peace • Allow peoples to keep culture & beliefs; even adopt aspects as well • Ex: Golden Horde & Ilkhanate become Muslim • Cultural differences b/w khanates leads to splitting of the empire (eventual)

  9. Pax Mongolica • Mid-1200s – Mid-1300s – Stability reigns across Mongol lands = PaxMongolica • “Mongolian Peace” • Guarantee safe passage across empire for travelers & trade • Ideas & inventions flow east & west • Ex. Gunpowder • Bad: Bubonic plague spread west b/c of Mongols

  10. Quiz Tomorrow • Section 1 • Tang Taizong • Wu Zhao • Movable Type • Gentry • Section 2 • Pastoralist • Clan • Genghis Kahn • Pax Mongolica • The chronological order of Chinese dynasties was • The fall of the Tang Dynasty was caused in great part by • Historically, peoples have tended to move west and south across the steppe mainly for reasons having to do with • Membership in a Mongol clan was determined by the members' claim of a common • Immediately following the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire was

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