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HAR MONIK

ALAT PENGHEMAT DAYA. HAR MONIK. SEB AB. &. AKI BAT. DIREKTO RAT JENDERAL LISTRIK DAN PEMANFAATAN ENERGI 2006. Harmonik (Harmonics). Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents having frequencies that are whole multiples of the frequency at which the supply system is designed to operate

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HAR MONIK

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  1. ALAT PENGHEMAT DAYA HARMONIK SEBAB & AKIBAT DIREKTORAT JENDERAL LISTRIK DAN PEMANFAATAN ENERGI 2006

  2. Harmonik (Harmonics) Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents havingfrequencies that are whole multiples of the frequencyat which the supply system is designed to operate (e.g. 50Hz or 60 Hz).\ According IEC 555 1982 3rd Harmonics

  3. Penyebab Harmonik • Di Sisi Konsumen : • Harmonik timbul karena adanya beban yang tidak linier • (semua beban dengan power supply menggunakan power • electronics – IGBT, Thyritor, Transistor, MOSFET/FET, • UJT, SCR)* Contoh : ASD, PC, TV, LHE. • Electrical Arc Ct : Furnances and Welding Machine • Intinya rangkaian daya komponen Elektronika Daya • dengan Kapasitor bank Di Sisi Pembangkit : Desain generator atau transformator yang kurang baik dapat menimbulkan harmonik* * Lihat Kennedy hal.173, Westinghouse Prot

  4. Efek Samping Harmonik Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems

  5. Tidak Terukur Pada kWh Mekanik Electromechanical Energy Meter kWh Meter elektromekanik mengukur energi berdasarkan : Kes : Jika sinusoidal murni maka P pengukuran = P kenyataan = 100% Bagaimana Jika tidak sinusoidal ???

  6. Electromechanical Energy Meter Lihat Definisi Integral --- Sampling

  7. V 1st x I 3rd = 0%

  8. V1st+V3rd+V5th x I1st+I5th+I7th = 32%

  9. Mengukur Harmonik Measuring nonsinusoidal voltage and current waveforms requires a True RMS m e t e r. V,I : Fluke 41, Harmonitor 3000 kWh : Electronic Energy Meter Contoh : AMR Sampai Harmonik ke berapa ? True RMS capability is required to accuratelymeasure systems where harmonic current ispresent. Average responding instruments willyield erroneous measurement results from 25to 40% below the actual value when harmonicdistortion is present. Understanding Power &Power QualityMeasurements

  10. Does having harmonics in the power system always mean trouble? Jika masih di bawah standar : tidakJika melebihi standar : Sistem tidak di disain untuk itu ya Sistem sudah di disain tidak

  11. Mengatasi Harmonik Disisi konsumen Harmonics Filter : Active dan PassiveGunakan PWM 18 PulsesEmisi Harmonik dari konsumen harus dibatasi (Perlu Standar – Menyatu dengan Power Quality (IEC61000-3-2 and 3-4)) Bagaimana pengaturan dan penerapannya....Disisi Sistem DistribusiPembebanan harus memperhatikan SCL pd PCCDerating TransformerReduce Network ImpedancesPembumian yang benar

  12. ALAT PENGHEMAT DAYA • TIDAK ADA ALAT YANG BISA MENGHEMAT PENGGUNAAN ENERGI LISTRIK  PENGHEMAT REKENING LISTRIK • ADA 2 JENIS : • KAPASITOR MURNI (BEBAN PASIF) • KAPASITOR DIRANGKAI DENGAN INDUKTOR • DAN POWER ELECTRONICS IGBT, Thyritor, • Transistor, MOSFET/FET, • UJT, SCR)* Contoh : ASD, PC, TV, LHE.

  13. Gardu Portal JTR Panel Listrik Konsumen Paberik VAR LOGIC Panel Kapasitor Bank NOTE : KAPASITOR BANK INDIVIDUAL TIDAK MENIMBULKAN HARMONIK ! - SPIKES - EXECESIVE SWITCHING

  14. CAP BANK 6 STEP

  15. 6 STEP CAP BANK Contoh :Kawasan IndustriPerlu PerhatikanSCLPCC

  16. Power Electronic and Capacitor

  17. Harmonics Sources

  18. Fundamental Component

  19. Voltage Distortion

  20. Harmonik Pd 3 Fase 4 Kawat Arus netral bisa mencapai 1,5 kali Arus Fase Secara teoritis 20% harmonik ke-3 menambah arus netral sampai 60% Potensi rugi-rugi jaringan +3%

  21. Standard Harmonics ANSI C57.110-1986 IEC 61000-3-x seriesPQ Parameters...Apa saja ? IEC 61000-4-x series PQ Measurement... Bagaimana ? IEC 555 - 1982 IEC555 is enforced in Europe, making it a de facto standard for commercial equipment intended to be sold worldwide IEEE 519 th 1992 Recommended limits are set at 5% Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) THD Max 5% Partial Max 3%

  22. Standard Harmonics ANSI C57.110-1986 IEC 555 - 1982 IEEE 519 th 1992 : In section 10.3 (Development of Current Distortion Limits), "..... The objectives of the current limits are to limit the maximum individual frequency voltage harmonic to 3% of the fundamental and the voltage THD to 5% for systems without a major parallel resonance at one of the injected frequencies." "..If individual customers meet the current distortion limits, and there is not sufficient diversity between individual customer harmonic injections, then it may be necessary to implement some form of filtering on the utility system to limit voltage distortion levels."

  23. Standard Harmonics IEC/EN 61000-3-2(1995-03) + (am 1 + am 2 1998-04)Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current <16 A per phase single & 3 phase). Disebutkan standar emisi harmonik dari tiap kelas peralatan - Kelas A : 3 Phase Balance Equipment, Household Appliances - Kelas B : Portabel Tools - kelas C : Lightning Equipment - Kelas D : Special Wave Shape ≤600 W Standar di Indonesia ? Belum ada

  24. Peraturan Mutu Listrik di Indonesia SNI 04-1922-2002 Frekuensi Standar 501% HzIEC 60196 (1965-01)SNI 04-0227-2003Tegangan Standar220 (+5% / -10%)IEC60038-25 (1983-01)+ Amd1(1994-09)+ Amd 2(1997-0) SNI 04-6204.2.4-2000Kesesuaian Elektromagnetik (KEM) Masih Berupa Pedoman bukan Spesifikasi IEC 61000- 2-3 (1995) SK Menteri ESMD N0.3032 Th 2002 Power Factor 0,85 Lagg/Lead - Keppre 104 2003 TDL 2004

  25. Italy – Meter Market Energy Distributor Memutuskan memasang Lebih dari 20 Juta Meter elektronik Berkaitan dengan Meter Error yang ditimbulkan Oleh harmonik dari peralatan rumah tangga

  26. Canada - Meter Market Profile Annual demand 982,000 meters Demand includes 400,000 meters a year in 2006 and 2007 due to the replacement ofelectromechanical meters with electronic meters Target of 5 million out of 12 million by 2010.

  27. Harmonics Mitigation

  28. 17 Aspek Mutu Listrik • Variasi frekuensi • Variasi tegangan • Kelip (flicker) • Kedip (voltage sag) • Harmonik • Ketidak seimbangan tegangan • Keandalan (pemadaman) • Voltage swells

  29. Aspek mutu listrik • Electrical noise • Faktor daya rendah • Ground loops • EMI (Electromagnetic Interference • Static electricity • Voltage surges • Voltage impulses • Demand interval • Kelayakan instalasi

  30. IEC 61000-3-2 edition (A14)

  31. IEC 61000-3-2 edition (A14)

  32. IEC 555

  33. IEC 555

  34. IEC 555

  35. IEEE-519

  36. IEEE-519

  37. IEEE-519

  38. Peraturan Ketenagalistrikan UU 15 th 1985 KetenagalistrikanUU 8 Th 1999 Perlindungan KonsumenPP 3 Th 2005 Penyediaan dan Pemanfaatan tenaga ListrikPP 102 Th 2000 Standardisasi Nasional

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