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Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation in word formation

Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation in word formation. Linguistics 400 Winter 2010. Overview. More word formation types Infixation Compounding Reduplication Vowel or consonant substitution Simultaneous morphemes For further learning about morphology LING 481. Affixation.

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Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation in word formation

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  1. Morphology: Cross-linguistic variation in word formation Linguistics 400 Winter 2010

  2. Overview • More word formation types • Infixation • Compounding • Reduplication • Vowel or consonant substitution • Simultaneous morphemes • For further learning about morphology • LING 481

  3. Affixation • Suffixation: root-affix • deliver-able • Prefixation: affix-root • un-certain • Infixation: ro-affix-ot • a-whole-nother • fan-freakin’-tastic

  4. Infixation Ulwa, a.k.a. Sumo Tawahka, Sumo-Mayangna

  5. Ulwa infixation -kɑ(-) ‘his/her’

  6. Compounding • [root][root] • machine gun • land line • snail mail • Predictability of meaning • ’roid rage (< 1987; ‘road rage’ < 1988) • football (< 1486; ‘American football’ 1879) • soap opera (< 1939)

  7. Compounding and lexical category • Righthand head rule • Lexical category of entire compound = lex. cat. of rightmost member

  8. Compound stress • Green Lake • bluebird • fast lane • Bigfoot • bad boy • old school • hotline • Myspace

  9. Compounds in Mandarin Chinese • Mandarin—very little affixation • -/ɤ̌ɹ/ ‘little’ (diminutive) (also means ‘son’) • Some compounds • [wàŋ ʨhjɔ̌w] ‘net’ ‘ball’ ‘tennis’ • [kwàn ʨjá] ‘manage’ ‘house’ ‘housekeeper’

  10. Reduplication • Chukchee, a.k.a. Chukot

  11. Reduplication Chukchee (Russia) /jile-RED/, RED = reduplicant

  12. Reduplication • English • red red • home home • meaning: ‘real, true, really’

  13. Vowel substitution = Ablaut present past past participle sing sang have sung ring rang have rung drink drank have drunk [i] [e] [ʌ]

  14. Consonant substitution • Sahaptin • Meanings larger – smaller more important less important • Forms q – k n l ɬʃ s tɬʧ ts

  15. Uvular place of articulation • [q] = voiceless uvular stop • [qɨp] ‘shoot, fire’ • [wɑqit] ‘search for’ • compare [k] • [kɨtu] ‘fast’ • [wiljɑki] ‘chaps’ velar uvular

  16. Related pairs of words q – k thicker and/or more solid

  17. n - l n, ʃ - l, s

  18. ɬ - s [χ] = voiceless uvular fricative

  19. Modern Standard Arabic verbal morphology Some forms of ‘write’ /ktb/

  20. Simultaneous morphology [kuutib] ‘was corresponded with’ ‘correspond’

  21. Verb root (consonants)

  22. Morphology summary • Morphemes • Morphological analysis • Lexical category • Types of word formation

  23. Question • Think of a compound in your native language (if English, use an example different from those provided above). Give the meaning of the whole compound as well the meaning of its parts (if different).

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