Understanding Legal and Health Issues in Athletic Performance Enhancement

1. Malpeli Revision 100 - 199

2. 100. An example of a medico-legal issue being raised by athletes taking legal performance enhancers such as creatine monohydrate is: A: Athletes suffering an allergic reaction to the substance B: Athletes being admitted to hospital C: Athletes suing the administrative body for a “botched up” Series A sample D: None of the above ANSWER: A: Athletes suffering an allergic reaction to the substance

3. 101. Adolescents are considered to have participated in adequate physical activity if the complete the following: A Activities that use 3.5 ml/kg/min on at least 5 days of the week B Activities that use 3.5 ml/kg/min for at least 30 minutes on at least 5 days of the week C 3.5 hours of moderate-intensity activity over at least 5 sessions in a normal week D None of the above ANSWER: C 3.5 hours of moderate-intensity activity over at least 5 sessions in a normal week

4. 102. The recommended activity levels for children and youth are: A 60 minutes, every day of moderate to vigorous intensity across a wide range of activities B 60 minutes, every second day of moderate intensity across a wide range of activities C 90 minutes, every day of moderate to vigorous intensity across a wide range of activities D 90 minutes, every second day of moderate intensity across a wide range of activities ANSWER: A 60 minutes ,every day of moderate to vigorous intensity across a wide range of activities

5. 103. For older people, to achieve improved muscle strength and mobility, it is recommended that they participate in: A weight training 3 times per week B Non-weight baring activities such as swimming, cycling, water aerobics at least 5 times per week C Everyday lifestyle activities such as gardening D All of the above ANSWER: C Everyday lifestyle activities such as gardening

6. 104. Accelerometers are: A Objective B Expensive to use with large populations C Non-invasive D All of the above ANSWER: D All of the above

7. 105. Interventions designed to engage “at risk” children and youth require: A Community support B Comprehensive tailoring of programs C An understanding of the target group D All of the above ANSWER: D All of the above

8. 106. Reminder systems (on phones, computers, post-its on walls, etc.) are essential strategies: A Only when at the maintenance stage B For anyone contemplating physical activity C Any stage up to the action stage D All of the above ANSWER: C Any stage up to the action stage

9. 107. The following is an example of an environmental intervention aimed at increasing physical activity levels: A Constructing bike trails and walking tracks B Providing playground facilities C Installing showers and change facilities at workplaces D All of the above ANSWER: D All of the above

10. 108. “Travelsmart” aims to increase physical activity across the settings of school, community and workplace by: A Encouraging walkingin preference to motor vehicles B Encouraging the riding of bicycles in preference to motor vehicles C Encouraging the use of public transport D All of the above ANSWER: D All of the above

11. 109. ANSWER: D: All of the above

12. 110. Hypoglycaemia: A Leads to fatigue as a result of excessive muscle “shivering” B Is quickly reversed by taking in soluble sucrose C Occurs when athletes call upon proteins as a fuel source D Occurs when fat solubility is reduced as exercise intensity increases ANSWER: B Is quickly reversed by taking in soluble sucrose

13. 111. Aerobic glycolysis: A Produces energy faster than anaerobic glycolysis B Can occur in the absence of oxygen C Takes over from anaerobic glycolysis when athletes hit the wall in events such as the marathon D Breaks down pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and more energy via the Kreb’s Cycle ANSWER: D Breaks down pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and more energy via the Kreb’s Cycle

14. 112. The predominant energy system used in the 400m sprint (athletics) is the: A LA system B PC system C Alactacid system D Aerobic system ANSWER: A LA system

15. 113. Swimmers use more energy than runners to complete the same distances because: A They use more muscles B More energy is required to remain afloat (buoyant) than it is to maintain an upright posture C Water provides greater resistance than air to forward movement D All of the above ANSWER: D All of the above

16. 114. The oxygen deficit occurs when: A Performers have had time to reach a “steady state” B ATP is broken down anaerobically C The amount of oxygen demanded is less than that able to be supplied by the cardiovascular & respiratory systems D Performers train at high altitude and the air is “thin” ANSWER: B ATP is broken down anaerobically

17. 115. Dehydration may lead to fatigue by: A Resulting in an elevated body temperature B Increasing blood pressure and heart rates C Slowing down the transmission of nervous impulses through motor neurons D All of the above ANSWER: D All of the above

18. 116. An active recovery is how many times faster than a passive recovery at removing LA and restoring muscle pH? A Twice B Three times C Five times D Ten Times ANSWER: A Twice

19. 117. Agility is “made up” of the following components: A Speed and Strength B Power and Strength C Speed & Flexibility D Balance & Power ANSWER: C Speed & Flexibility

20. 118. Aerobic capacity is: A The same as cardio-respiratory endurance B The same as VO2 max C The same as cardio vascular endurance D None of the above ANSWER: B The same as VO2 max

21. 119. In terms of data analysis, observation is not as good as using GPS data because: A It is objective B It is subjective C It is operative D All of the above ANSWER: B It is subjective

22. 120. When collecting data, the best parameter to reflect energy system usage would be: A Skill Frequencies B Heart Rate Patterns C W:R Information D Locomotor Patterns ANSWER: B Heart Rate Patterns

23. 121. Fitness “norms” are: A People called Norm who have high levels of fitness compared to the rest of the population B A good indicator of areas that need to be improved C Results considered to be typical for a particular population group D None of the above ANSWER: C Results considered to be typical for a particular population group

24. 122. The most relevant test to assess the speed of a netball centre player would be: A Standing 55m sprint B Standing 15m sprint C Standing 40m sprint D Running 40m sprint ANSWER: B Standing 15m sprint

25. 123. A 17 year old PE student (male) who gets a score of 14 cm in the sit and reach test would rate as: A Fair B Average C Good D Excellent ANSWER: D Excellent

26. 124. The principle of specificity aims to be specific to the following aspects observed in the game: A Energy systems B Fitness components C Muscles groups and actions used D All of the above ANSWER: D All of the above

27. 125. The following example best highlights the training principle of “specificity”: A A road cyclist experiencing gains as a result of aerobic training completed on a stationary bicycle B A sprint cyclist experiencing gains as a result of aerobic training completed on a stationary bicycle C A shot putter experiencing gains as a result of anaerobic training completed using plyometric bounding D A 1,500 m runner experiencing gains as a result of aerobic training completed on a stationary bicycle ANSWER: A A road cyclist experiencing gains as a result of aerobic training completed on a stationary bicycle

28. 126. The best example of short interval training listed below is: A 2 x 2 x 1,000 m runs with a w:r ratio of 1:1 B 2 x 4 x 1,000 m runs with a w:r ratio of 1:2 C 2 x 2 x 1,000 m runs with a w:r ratio of 1:3 D None of the above ANSWER: D None of the above

29. 127. Overload in a Fartlek session can be achieved by: A Decreasing the intake of low GI foods immediately following the training session B Wearing a backpack weighing 4 kilograms C Running the same distance in a faster time (under 10 minutes) D None of the above ANSWER: B Wearing a backpack weighing 4 kilograms

30. 128. Sensible / feasible overload likely to bring about improvements should be in the range of: A 0-2% B 2- 4% C 8-10% D >20% ANSWER: C 8-10%

31. 129. Individual load circuit training is: A Better than individual time circuit training B Simpler to use than fixed load circuit training C Highly specific to a person’s fitness level D All of the above ANSWER: C Highly specific to a person’s fitness level

32. 130. In the following resistance training ~ 4 x 3RM x 80kg, which component would primarily be developed: A Muscular Endurance B Strength C Speed D Power ANSWER: D Power

33. 131. Pilates primarily aims to improve: A Flexibility B Core stability C LME D None of the above ANSWER: B Core stability

34. 132. A catabolic training effect results in: A A destructive effect on body tissues B A rebuilding effect on body tissues C Disqualification due to use of illegal practices D Weight being gained via increased water absorption ANSWER: A A destructive effect on body tissues

35. 133. The “SAID” principle refers to: A Specially AdaptedInternal Drivers B Specific Adaptive Imposition Demands C Specific Adaptation Imposed Demands D Coaches saying “I told you so” ANSWER: C Specific Adaptation Imposed Demands

36. 134. Plyometrics will result in the following change: A Little change to lactate threshold B Increased glycolytic enzymes C Increased PC stores D All of the above ANSWER: D All of the above

37. 135. Lactic acid tolerance results after 6+ months of anaerobic training due to: A Increases in the ventricle thickness B Increasing the muscle’s alkaline production / reserves C Increasing OBLA D None of the above ANSWER: B Increasing the muscle’s alkaline production / reserves

38. 136. The following is most likely to result from participation in continuous training program: A Increased atrium size B Increased plasma volume C Increased maximal heart rate D All of the above ANSWER: B Increased plasma volume

39. 137. The arterio-venous oxygen difference is: A Greater at sub-maximal levels when compared to resting levels B A comparison of arterial oxygen levels compared to venous oxygen levels C A direct measure of how much oxygen muscles are using D All of the above ANSWER: D All of the above

40. 138. Plyometric training will result in the following adaptations to fast twitch muscle fibres: A Increased “whiteness” B Increased antioxidative enzyme stores C Increased PC stores D Increased triglyceride stores ANSWER: C Increased PC stores

41. 139. Aerobic training will lead to the following changes to a person’s lactate threshold: A Increase B Decrease C Inverse D None of the above ANSWER: A Increase

42. 140.Psychological symptom(s) of overtraining includes: A Disturbed sleep B Mood swings C Decreased “drive” D All of the above ANSWER: D: All of the above

43. 141.Risk management includes: A Appointing a manager who is prepared to take risks B Conducting regular evacuation drills C Allowing players to take “calculated risks” D Reducing the likelihood of “things going wrong” ANSWER: D Reducing the likelihood of “things going wrong”

44. 142. Coaches might contribute to risks associated with the team they are training by: A Adopting an authoritarian approach B Attending regular re-accreditation meetings C Using unqualified support staff that might be friends even this saves money D All of the above ANSWER: C Using unqualified support staff that might be friends even this saves money

45. 143. The following is a practical example of risk management to reduce injuries: A Not allowing spectators to sit within a 2 m proximity of the playing area B Padding placed on goal posts C Restricting the amount of players allowed in certain parts of a playing area or field D All of the above ANSWER: D All of the above

46. 144. Risk management procedures extend beyond team management to facilities and equipment. The following must be taken into consideration in this area: A Evacuation/emergency procedures B Access for all including disabled people C Signage D All of the above ANSWER: D All of the above

47. 145. Mental imagery can be: A Auditory B Tactile C Kinaesthetic D All of the above ANSWER: D All of the above

48. 146. Ethical considerations related to performance enhancement are: A A set of moral values B Put in place to ensure fair participation exists for all C Policies that must be strictly adhered to by all athletes D All of the above ANSWER: A A set of moral values

49. 147. Caffeine enhances performance by: A Depressing cardiac output and “saving energy” B Acting as a diuretic C Promoting glycogen sparing via increased release of free fatty acids D All of the above ANSWER: C Promoting glycogen sparing via increased release of free fatty acids

50. 148. Ethical performers try to: A Strive to achieve personal health as well as personal best performances B Seek equality C Avoid doping D All of the above ANSWER: D All of the above