Programming with Lejos

1. Programming with Lejos Part 1

2. What is lejos? • Cut-down version of Java for the RCX platform • Includes: • Lejos API • JVM • API includes functionality needed to control motors, sensors, buttons as well as many components from the standard Java API

3. How it works • Lego firmware is replaced with lejos JVM (only has to be done once) • Program source code is written & compiled on PC • Compiled code (Java byte code) is downloaded to & runs on RCX

4. JVM & RCX technical specifications • RCX has 32k of RAM • 4K unusable • 16K for Lejos • 12K free memory for user code! • Built-in support for: • Floating-point numbers (useful for trig/navigation) • Limited multithreading • 2-dimensional Arrays • Limited recursion

5. Events & the lejos API • Objects & their listeners: • Timer: TimerListener • Button: ButtonListener • Sensor: SensorListener • Object acts as event source; when event occurs, all registered listeners we notified & can execute appropriate code

6. Exception Handling & Garbage Collection • Lejos follows standard Java exception-handling model • Lejos does NOT have automatic garbage collection • Important to re-use objects rather the just creating new ones • Forces good memory “hygiene”

7. Packages in the Lejos API • josx.platfom.rcx: includes classes for controlling • 3 output ports (A, B & C) • 3 input ports (1, 2 & 3) • 3 buttons (Prgm, Run, View) • LCD display • Speaker output • IR communication • There are also classes for accessing system time & monitoring battery power

8. Packages in the Lejos API • java.lang: Includes some of the most commonly used standard classes • Math • String • StringBuffer: mutable version of String • System • Thread • Throwable

9. Packages in the Lejos API • java.util: like java.lang, includes some familiar and/or useful classes • Random • Vector: dynamic array • BitSet: series of bits

10. Packages in the Lejos API • java.io: provides support for transmitting data streams via the IR port • Serializable interface • InputStream, OutputStream, DataInputStream, DataOutputStream and IOException classes

11. Packages in the Lejos API • josx.robotics: generic classes & methods for robot-specific tasks • Behavior Control classes: includes Behavior interface & Arbitrator class • Navigation classes

12. Classes in josx.platform.rcx • Sound class contains a set of static methods that can produce predefined or custom sounds: • Sound.beep() // beeps once • Sound.twoBeeps() // beeps twice • Sound. buzz() // emits almost inaudible tone • Sound. beepSequence() // series of // downward tones • Sound. playTone (int frequency, int duration) • MinSound class is a cut-down version - contains only the (deprecated) playTone method

13. Classes in josx.platform.rcx • Unlike most Java environments, robots running Lejos are physical objects • The RCX brick has 3 programmable buttons, 3 sensor connections and 3 power output ports • When programming for the RCX, these components are represented by predefined static objects; it wouldn’t make sense to instantiate more sensor ports, for example, because physically there are just 3

14. Classes in josx.platform.rcx • The LCD, MinLCD and TextLCD classes relate to various aspects of the RCX’s LCD display • MinLCD, like MinSound, is a cut-down version primarily used to conserve memory • LCD is used for number display, while TextLCD can display Strings

15. LCD class methods (all are static) • void refresh() • void setNumber (int code, int value, int point) - parameters: • code: value Indicates use of signed or unsigned number, use of 5th digit • value: number to display • point: code indicating position of decimal point • These 2 methods are also found in MinLCD

16. LCD class methods (all are static) • void clear(): clears display • void showNumber(int i): displays an unsigned, up to 4-digit number • void setSegment (int code): activates the display segment indicated by code; codes are defined by static constants in the Segment interface

17. Example 1: Sounds & Display import josx.platform.rcx.*; public class MakeNoise { public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { int freq; // frequency of tone for (freq = 440; freq < 10000; freq = 110 * freq / 100) { // ascending tones LCD.showNumber(freq); Sound.playTone(freq, 50); Thread.sleep(500); } for (freq = 440; freq > 20; freq = 90 * freq / 100) { // descending tones LCD.showNumber(freq); Sound.playTone(freq, 50); Thread.sleep(500); } } }

18. Classes in josx.platform.rcx • Button class methods include: • public void addButtonListener (ButtonListener b) • public boolean isPressed() • public static int readButtons() • Returns int with bits set: 0x02 (view button pressed) 0x04 (prgm button pressed), 0x01 (run button pressed). If all buttons are released, this method returns 0. • void waitForPressAndRelease () throws InterruptedException • stops execution until button pressed & released

19. Classes in josx.platform.rcx • Button class also contains static fields that represent the RCX buttons: • Button.PRGM • Button.RUN • Button.VIEW • ButtonListener interface specifies 2 methods: • public void buttonPressed (Button b) • public void buttonReleased (Button b)

20. Classes in josx.platform.rcx • ROM class: provides access to embedded routines in the RCX ROM; includes static method int getBatteryPower() • Motor class: includes methods controlling DC output to ports A, B and C • Sensor class: includes methods to communicate with sensor controllers 1, 2 and 3

21. Motor class methods: mutators • void forward(): motor rotates forward • void backward(): motor rotates backward • void stop(): stops with braking action • void flt(): motor floats to a stop • void reverseDirection(): changes from forward to backward, or vice-versa • void setPower(int power): sets motor power; 7 is high, 0 low

22. Motor class methods: accessors • int getPower(): returns current power setting • char getID(): returns motor ID (A, B or C) • All of the following methods return a boolean value • isBackward() • isFloating() • isForward() • isMoving() • isStopped()

23. Example import josx.platform.rcx.*; public class Patrol { public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { Motor.A.forward(); while (true) { Motor.C.forward(); // go forward Thread.sleep (5000); Motor.C.reverse(); // turn around Thread.sleep (1000); } }

24. Sensor class • There are several types of sensors available for the RCX, including: • Touch • Light • Rotation • Because each operates differently, there is more complexity built into this class than in most of the rest of the lejos API

25. Sensor Type and Mode • A predefined set of constants is used to describe: • the kind of sensor attached to a particular connector (type) and • the kind of readings that are recorded by the sensor (mode) • These values as used as arguments to the Sensor class’s setTypeAndMode method, which is used to initially set up a sensor

26. Type and Mode examples Sensor.S1.setTypeAndMode(1, 0x20); // 1 represents touch sensor; // 0x20 is boolean mode Sensor.S1.setTypeAndMode(3, 0x80); // 3 represents light sensor; // 0x80 is percent mode

27. Example import josx.platform.rcx.*; public class GoForward implements SensorConstants { public static void main(String[] args) { Sensor.S2.setTypeAndMode(SENSOR_TYPE_TOUCH, SENSOR_MODE_BOOL); // sets up touch sensor using constants from SensorConstants interface Motor.A.forward(); Motor.C.forward(); while( Sensor.S2.readValue() != 1 ) ; // loop ends (& robot stops) when bumper is touched } }

28. Methods of Sensor class • public void activate () • activates sensor • should be called after setTypeAndMode • Methods that return Sensor readings: • public final boolean readBooleanValue() • public final int readValue() • public final int readRawValue() • Sensor readings can also be handled by a SensorListener as described on the next slide

29. Sensor Listeners • Sensor Listener interface specifies a single method: public void stateChanged(Sensor s, int old, int new) • s: event source • old: previous value • new: new value • As with the GUI components we have looked at before, the steps are • define a class that implements the interface, and with the code for the method • add the listener to the appropriate Sensor

30. Serial class Methods • The Serial class is used for RCX to IR and RCX to RCX communication • Methods work on the most basic level of network communication, passing around packets in the form of arrays of bytes • A separate communications API provides support for higher-level operations

31. One more example import josx.platform.rcx.*; public class ListenerExample implements SensorConstants, SensorListener { public static void main(String[] args) { ListenerExample exam = new ListenerExample(); Sensor.S1.setTypeAndMode(SENSOR_TYPE_TOUCH, SENSOR_MODE_BOOL); Sensor.S3.setTypeAndMode(SENSOR_TYPE_TOUCH, SENSOR_MODE_BOOL); Sensor.S1.addSensorListener(exam); Sensor.S3.addSensorListener(exam); exam.patrol(); }

32. Example continues public void patrol () { try { Motor.A.forward(); while (true) { Motor.C.forward(); Thread.sleep(3000); Motor.C.backward(); Thread.sleep(1000); } } catch (Exception e) { } }

33. End of example public void stateChanged(Sensor source, int oldValue, int newValue) { if (newValue == 1) if (source.getId() == 0) // left bumper Sound.playTone(220, 50); else if (source.getId() == 2) // right bumper Sound.playTone(660, 50); } }// end class ListenerExample