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Trematode Infestation in Ruminants: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Learn about fascioliasis and liver fluke infestations in cattle, buffalo, and other animals, including symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention methods. Understand the morphology, life cycle, and pathogenesis of these harmful parasites.

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Trematode Infestation in Ruminants: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

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  1. พยาธิใบไม้ของสัตว์เคี้ยวเอื้องพยาธิใบไม้ของสัตว์เคี้ยวเอื้อง (Trematode of Ruminant)

  2. Trematode of Ruminant • Family Fasciolidae • F. gigantica, F. hepatica • Family Dicrocoelidae • Dicrocoelium dendriticum • Eurytrema pancreaticum

  3. Family Paramphistomatidae • Subfamily Paramphistominae • Subfamily Gastrothylaxinae “Rumen Fluke” • Subfamily Gastrodiscinae

  4. Family Schistosomatidae Schistosoma spindalis

  5. Family Fasciolidae • Organ: bile duct • Host: cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, man • Species F. hepatica: warm to cold climate F. gigantica: tropical zone

  6. Morphology • leaf like • oral sucker close to ventral sucker • spiny tegument • short pharynx & esophagus

  7. branches: intestinal caeca, testis, ovary, vitelline gland • genital pore: anterior to ventral sucker • no seminal receptacle

  8. Fasciola sp.

  9. Egg: large, thin shell, operculum, embryonic cells

  10. Fasciola hepatica • Disease: Fascioliasis, Liver Rot • Organ: bile duct • Size: 3.0 x 1.3 cm

  11. Life cycle

  12. Development in Intermediate Host • Miracidium: penetration into snail • Sporocyst: 5-8 redia • Redia: 20 cercaria • Cercaria: cystogenous gland • Metacercaria: a few minutes to 2 hours

  13. Redia & Cercaria

  14. Development in Final Host Metacercaria (duodenum) Young fluke Mature fluke (8th wk) Abdominal cavity Bile duct Liver capsule (5-6th wk)

  15. Metacercaria on Plant

  16. metacercaria

  17. Epidemiology • Hatching factor: temp 10-26 C • Temperature of intermediate host • Size of intermediate host • Environ. affecting growth of snail • Temp. affecting on metacercaria

  18. Immunity against Liver Fluke • antibody: only in experimental animals • adult sheep: susceptible to (re) infection • cattle: more resistance • host of F. hepatica: mammals (horse, mule, deer, pig, man, rabbit)

  19. Pathogenesis • depends on # metacercaria ingested • damage: migration of young adult fluke through liver parenchyma, bile duct • disease : 2 types (acute & chronic form)

  20. Acute Fascioliasis • rare case: sheep, goat > cattle, buffalo • ingestion of huge # of metacercaria • signs: traumatic hepatitis (migration), rupture of liver capsule, internal bleeding

  21. PM: hepatomegaly, pale, fibrinous clot, haemorrhagic tract • secondary bacterial infection • Clostridium oedematiens “Black Disease”

  22. Chronic Fascioliasis • Pathogenesis: anemia, albumin decreased, hepatic fibrosis • post-necrotic scarring • ischaemic fibrosis • peribiliary fibrosis • monolobular fibrosis

  23. Chronic Fascioliasis • Calcification, bilie duct obstruction “pipe-stem liver” • Lung • calcification, cyst

  24. Migratory Tracks: pipe-stem liver

  25. Thickness of Bile Duct

  26. Clinical Pathology • acute: sudden dead • subacute: anemia, pale mm., edema, hepatomegaly, ascites • chronic: anemia, emaciation, pale m.m., edema “bottle jaw”, ascites, eosinophilia, low production

  27. “bottle jaw”

  28. Diagnosis 1. History taking 2. Clinical signs 3. Fecal examination 4. Post mortem examination 5. Serological examination: serum enzyme (GLDH, GGT)

  29. Treatment 1. Triclabendazole (Fasinex): 20 mg/kg 2. Rafoxanide: 7.5 mg/kg 3. Nitroxynil: 10 mg/kg, S.C. 4. Oxyclozanide

  30. Treatment 5. Closantel: 10 mg/kg, S.C. = 1 ml/20 kg 6. Niclofolan: 3 mg/kg, S.C. = 1.1 ml/50 kg 7. Albendazole: 10 mg/kg 8. Bithional sulphoxide: 40 mg/kg

  31. Prevention & Control 1. anthelmintic treatment: twice a year 2. control & elimination of snail: CuSO4 3. fencing of water resource

  32. Human Fascioliasis • Intermediate host: • F. hepatica: L. truncata • F. gigantica: L. auricularia rubiginosa • Thailand: F. gigantica • Infection: metacercaria (water plant)

  33. Pathology • young adult: peritonitis, urticaria, liver abscesses • adult: thickness, inflammation, fibrosis, obstruction of bile duct • clinical signs: jaundice, pain, anorexia, vomiting, fever, anemia

  34. Ectopic migrationyoung adult • brain • lung • eye • pancreas

  35. Diagnosis • History taking • Fecal examination • Serological examination: immunodiffusion, FA test • Biopsy: ectopic case

  36. Treatment • Praziquantel: 25 mg/kg, 2-3 days • surgical remove: ectopic case

  37. Prevention & Control 1. understanding of Fascioliasis 2. treatment 3. elimination of intermediate host

  38. Fasciola Gigantica • Morphology • similar to F. hepatica • size: 1.2 x 2.5-7.5 cm

  39. Life cycle • intermediate host: L. auricularia rubiginosa • miracidium ----> cercaria = 35-48 days • prepatent period: 4 months

  40. Epidemiology • Lymnaea • ขนาดเล็ก, ไม่มีฝา • รูปร่างคล้ายเจดีย์ เปลือกบางเปราะแตกง่าย • สีเหมือนเขาสัตว์ ยอดแหลม • ขนาด: 12-32 x 17-20 mm

  41. Lymnaea spp.

  42. Host • high incidence in hosts age > 1 year • Cercaria • high # in December - April

  43. Pathogenesis & Clinical signs • sheep: acute & chronic form • cattle: chronic form • weakness, anorexia, pale mm • bottle jaw, wt loss • calcification, thickness of bile duct

  44. “bottle jaw”

  45. Enlargement of gall bladder

  46. bile duct thickening

  47. Liver fluke in bile duct

  48. Liver fluke in bile duct

  49. Liver fluke in gall bladder

  50. Fasciola gigantica

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