Chapter 5 Urbanization and Economic Situation Change

1. Chapter 5 Urbanization and Economic Situation Change Section 1 Grain Belt of China and Geographic Thinking Section 2 Urbanization of China and its Process Section 3 Change of Economic Situation and Process of Modernization in China Report Discussion

2. Section 1 Grain Belt of China and Geographic Thinking Discussion 1. Introduction to Population-Grain-Cultivated Land of China 2. Grain Belt of China 3. Geographic Thinking of Improving Rainfall Using Rate to Raise Production 4. Geographic Thinking of Developing Evergreen Grassland Belt to Relieve Food Pressure 5. Agricultural Development and its Regional Difference（P164-168）

3. 1. Introduction to Population-Grain-Cultivated Land of China Grain structure 1.1 Relationship of population-grain-cultivated land Spatial layout Planting area Food policy Requirement per-capita Population increase Grain Production foundation Moisture condition Thermal condition Per-unit production Population Fertility condition Cultivated land Manual work investment

4. 1.2Historical change of cultivated land and production per capita 1*100 Cultivated land per capita Food production per capita Farmland area per capita/hm2 Grain output per capita/kg Qin Xihan Qing Dynasty Ming Dynasty Song Dynasty Qin Dynasty Tang Dynasty West Han Dynasty Republic of China PRC Time/Dynasty Historical change of cultivated land and food production per capita of China

5. 1.3 Population-grain- cultivated land change since the foundation of New China Population change 100 million persons 1295 million (1999) 540 milion year

6. International comparison in cultivated land and its per capita (acre) Cultivated land area Cultivated land area per capita/hm2 Population Cultivated land and feeding population contrast between China and world Canada USA France Italy India World Average Germny England China China:7% cultivated land for world 27% population for world Comparison of cultivated land per capita between China and world

7. 905.28 billion half a kilogram in 2001 100 million half a kilogram Change of total grain yield 1999 year, 1050000 million half a kilogram 6 7 3 5 20 ？ 6 3

8. Change of sowing area and production per unit Sowing area(100 million acres) Kilogram/ acre Decade

9. Change of grain constitution of China Total grain output Main crop production（ten thousand tons） Year Rice Wheat Corn Soybean Tubers

10. % 1952 1990 1999 Year Change of major grain crops in China Crop 39.04 22.4 25.19 7.16 --- Rice Wheat Corn Tubers Others 41.7 11.6 10.2 9.9 --- 42.2222.0 21.7 6.0 ---

11. 2. Grain Belt of China Sequential cropping index 复种指数 Problem 1：which is the potential region of increasing Sequential cropping index? Cultivated land sequential cropping index of China

12. Rice Belt 中国粮食分布 .水稻 Concentrated rice production area in South China Double-cropping rice area in South China Rice area in Yangtze River Basin Dispersed rice area in the North Problem 2：what is the reason of rice growing area toward north? km Rice distribution map of China

13. Wheat Belt Winter wheat production area in South China Spring wheat production area Concentrated Dispersed Concentrated Dispersed Winter wheat production area in North China Boundary of areas taking spring wheat and winter wheat as dominant Concentrated Dispersed km Wheat distribution map of China

14. Corn Belt Problem 3：why corn belt presents northeast-southwest distribution?

15. 3. Geographic Thinking of Improving Rainfall Using Rate to Raise Production 3.1 Water resources and its agricultural use • Water shortage:Fresh water per capita is a quarter of the value of the world, • Fresh water per acre is only half of the world. • Annual water consumption:450 billion M3： • 7.5% of annual precipitation; • 18% of the whole runoff（30% in Japan；80% in Israel） • 20% from underground water(summation of it in USA and the • Former Soviet Union） • 90% for cultivation（50% in USA） • 45% irrigation rate （about 10% in USA and the Former Soviet Union） • Economic benefit from agricultural use(1992)：0.25 dollar/ M3 • （2.04 dollar/M3 in Israel） Shi Peijun，1995

16. 3.2 Relationship between production per unit and precipitation at planting area 1) Production per unit of China：171-394km/unit of area （average 226） Taking 0.19 as the water consumption coefficient, only 33-75 MM depth of precipitation is utilized, amount of which is almost equal to precipitation at extreme arid-region, accounting for 8.73% of the total. 2) Utilization ratio of precipitation in Israel：15%--20%， Depth of precipitation utilized:95-120MM Production per unit:497-633km/unit of area 3) Depth of precipitation at rural area in China: 790MM(600MM from April to July)

17. 3.3 Estimate of crop production increasing benefit by more investment into mid-low yield land Mid-west part：According to the eastern level of 300 kg/acre (sowing area), there will be 37.22 billion kilograms increased at 90% of the sowing area at present. Eastern part： Ensure that the whole area have production at least 300 km/acre. As a result,there will be 26.15 kilograms increased at 80% of the sowing area at present. Including：2.2 billion kilograms at southern provinces, 10.07 billion kilograms at provinces between Yellow River and Yangtze River 7.5 billion kilograms at northeast provinces. Those area with production more than 300 kg/acre rely on production increasing against loss from arable land decreasing, counting up to 63.37 billion kg.

18. 3.4 Production per unit of planting area and estimated production increasing areas Province increasing production Province with more difficulty but successful in increasing production 人 kg/acre 人 口 East Middle part west 注意：播种面积单产东西差异与南北差异的差异 Pay attention to the regional difference of production per unit both from north to south and from east to west

19. 3.5 Experiment and assumption of controlling ineffective evaporation and improving precipitation utilization rate Develop mode of “collecting-saving-managing water” “Overground film- underground directional explosion-solar energy- computer control” High-quality controlling service effectively using water of secondary evaporation Friendship farm experiment of China and Czech, 1996,1997 Control soil erosion and soil salinization

20. 4. Geographic Thinking of Development of Evergreen Grassland to Relieve Grain Pressure 4.1 Assessment of natural condition in grassland development in the South of China Develop animal husbandry- Change grain structure- Relieve grain pressure Regional comparison（North vs. South & China vs.Foreign countries） Others Hydro-thermal condition Grassland resource Poverty alleviation Hazard Vegetation Hilly and mountainous areas in the south Physiognomy Zhang Xinshi,Libo etc. 1997

21. 4.2 Characteristics of southern grassland ····· 1）Good hydro-thermal condition and high productivity Southern grasslandNorthern grassland Annual precipitation1000-2000MM<500MM Annual average temperature10-15ºC<0ºC-4ºC Frost-free days150-180 days50-150 days Bearing capacity after alteration (1 sheep/1-2 acre )12 acres at meadow grassland 25 acres at typical grassland 50 acres at desert steppe

22. 2）Evergreen grassland Southern grassland Northern grassland Long growing period of forage Seasonal grazing with two camps diff. in summer andwinter Balanced provision of forage Imbalanced forage that animal carried in summer is more than double it in winter 3）High hazard risk Southern grassland Northern grassland Low occurrence of natural hazard Drought,black disaster,white disaster,and frost disaster Low risk in animal husbandry High risk in animal husbandry

23. 4）Few broken plots of grassland Southern grassland Northern grassland Small animal husbandry Large animal husbandry Continuous pasture:20% Continuous 5）Most land with forest destruction and water and soil loss Southern grassland Northern grassland Grass is coarse under natural condition Natural grassland is seriously degraded Mixed with shrubs，unbenefit for grazing Benefit for grazing Easy for alteration Limited potential for alteration for precipitation restriction

24. 4.3 Estimate of development benefit at southern grassland ···· 1）Estimate of grassland quantity • There are 980 million units of area, in which 700 million acres available and 400-500 million acres can be used to graze on 200 acres should be developed recently. • 2）Estimate of bearing capacity • 100-200 million sheep can be borne at 200 million acres, equal to 100- • 200 million sheep borne at 330 million acres in the north.

25. 3）Estimate of animal product 3 million tons meat and more than 600 thousand tons wool are produced in a year at 200 million acres grassland, double to New Zealand in total. • 4）Calculation of grain • That a ton meat is increased means 8 tons grain is increased. • Ability to produce meat of 200 million acres of grassland is equal to 24 million tons grain

26. 4.4 Mode of development and management at southern grassland + + Base Company Farmer Provide scientific experiment and technologic support Offer management and responsibility Offer financial and circulating support • Compare its hydro-thermal condition with New Zealand • Consider introducing proper animal from New Zealand • Build a national base producing wool, milk, and meat

27. 4.5 Agricultural development and regional difference（P164-168） Northeast area Integrated agricultural regionalization（1981） Gansu-Xinjiang area Along Inner Mongolia and Great Wall area The Yellow and the Huaihe River Basin Loess Plateau area Qinghai-Tibet area Southwest area The middle and lower reaches along YangtseRiver Can you make a plan of Chinese agriculture according to planting mode of the world? South China area

28. Regionalizatioin system of agriculture in China Integrated agricultural regionalization Physical-regionalization of agriculture Regionalization of agricultural sector Regionalization of agricultural technology Integrated physical-regionalization Regionalization of planting Regionalization of forestry Regionalization of agricultural irrigation Regionalization of agricultural climate Regionalization of agricultural energy Regionalization of animal husbandry Regionalization of agricultural mechanization Regionalization of physiognomy Regionalization of fishery Regionalization of grain Regionalization of fertile Regionalization of soil and vegetation Regionalization of economic crop Regionalization of energy Regionalization hydrology and potential water

29. Potential area for increasing production in China One side?：South (3rd group) The other side?：North (4th group) Argument Requirement Per capita Level of production ······ Sowing area