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Northern Renaissance

Northern Renaissance. The proliferation of the Renaissance in Europe. Northern Renaissance Writers. Christian Humanism: Emphasis on early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform the Church

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Northern Renaissance

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  1. Northern Renaissance The proliferation of the Renaissance in Europe

  2. Northern Renaissance Writers • Christian Humanism: • Emphasis on early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform the Church • Less emphasis on pagan works from ancient Greece and Rome (although these works were widely read and enjoyed by Christian Humanists) • Many historians today see more continuity between the Northern and Italian Renaissance than contrasts.

  3. Northern Renaissance continued • Drew on Hebrew and Greek texts of the Bible and the writings of the Church Fathers. • Emphasized education and power of human intellect to bring about institutional change and moral improvement. • Writings led to criticism of the church thus leading to the Reformation

  4. Differences between the Italian and Northern Renaissance • Italy – change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity. • Northern Europe – change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church; patronage more likely to come from kings and princes • Fugger family in Germany (international banking) were major patrons of the Northern Renaissance

  5. Erasmus (1466-1536) • Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists • Master of the Greek language; one of Europe’s foremost authorities • Made new translations of the Greek and Latin versions of the New Testament to create ‘purer’ editions. • He was the first humanist to earn a living by writing— an extremely impressive achievement.

  6. Erasmus continued • In Praise of Folly (1513) • Best-seller (only the Bible sold more by 1550) • Written in Latin; thus is was not intended for mass consumption • Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to reform the Church, not destroy it. • Satirized people’s worldly ambitions, including the clergy. • Criticized immorality and hypocrisy of Church leaders and the clergy • The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther. • Thus, some contemporaries claimed that “Erasmus lay the egg that Luther hatched” regarding the reformation

  7. Thomas More (1478-1536) • Prime example of a civic humanist; he rose to the highest government position of any humanist • Lord Chancellor to King Henry VIII in England

  8. More continued • Utopia (1516): More’s humanistic masterpiece • Mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to describe a perfect (utopian) society located on an imaginary island • More sees the accumulation of property as a root cause for society’s ills; a few have it—most don’t • In order to achieve harmony and order people have to be willing to sacrifice their individual rights for the common good. • War, poverty, religious intolerance, and other problems of the early 16th century do not exist.

  9. Jacques Lefevre d’Etables (1454-1536) • Leading French humanist and good example of how Northern Christian humanists focused on early Church writings. • Produced 5 versions of the Psalms that challenged a single authoritative version of the Bible. • A devout Catholic, he was later seen as an enemy of the Church and was condemned for heresy

  10. Francesco Ximenes de Cisneros (1436-1517) • Spanish humanist who reformed the Spanish clergy and church so that many of the Church abuses that were highlighted during the Reformation did not necessarily apply to Spain • Grand Inquisitor of the Spanish Inquisition (serves as an example of how not all humanists were necessarily tolerant of heretical views). • Complutensian Polyglot Bible: Placed Hebrew, Greek, and Latin versions of the Bible in parallel columns. • Yet another example of how Northern humanists focused on early Church writings and the accuracy of Biblical translations.

  11. François Rabelais (1494-1553) • His secular writings portrayed his confidence in human nature and reflected Renaissance tastes • Gargantua and Pantagruel (1532-1542) • A folk epic and comic masterpiece that satirized French society • Attacked clerical education and monastic orders; championed secular learning

  12. Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) • Developed the essay form • The essay became a vehicle for testing new ideas • Skepticism • Doubt that true knowledge could be obtained • Believed that the skeptic must be cautious, critical and suspend judgment. • Thus, one must be tolerant of others’ views

  13. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) • Greatest of the English Renaissance authors • His works reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical Greek and Roman culture, individualism and humanism • Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories and sonnets

  14. Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616) • Don Quixote (1605-15) • Among the greatest pieces of Spanish literature • Critical of excessive religious idealism, chivalric romance

  15. Northern Renaissance Art • Characteristics • The continuation of late medieval attention to details. • Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”]. • More emotional than the Italian style. • Interest in landscapes. • More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life. • Details of domestic interiors. • Great skill in portraiture. • Works often preoccupied with death.

  16. Jan Van Eyck (c. 1339 - c. 1441) • Most famous and innovative Flemish painter of the 15th century • Perfected oil painting • Naturalistic wood panel paintings used much religious symbolism. • Employed incredible detail in his works • Masterpiece: Ghent Altarpiece (1432) • Arnolfini and his Wife (1434) is perhaps his most famous work.

  17. Van Eyck - Ghent Altarpiece, 1432 (Adoration of the Mystic Lamb)

  18. Van Eyck Arnolfini and his Wife, 1434

  19. Van Eyck: The Crucifixion&The Last Judgment1420-1425

  20. Rogier van der Weyden (1399-1464) The Deposition 1435

  21. van der Weyden’s Deposition (details)

  22. Quentin Massys (1465-1530) • Belonged to the humanist circle in Antwerp that included Erasmus. • Influenced by da Vinci. • Thomas More called him “the renovator of the old art.” • The Ugly Duchess (A Grotesque Old Woman), 1525-1530 

  23. Massys’ The Moneylender & His Wife, 1514

  24. Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1450-1516) • Master of symbolism and fantasy • His art often looks surrealistic (like Dali of the 20th century) and focused often on death and the torments of Hell. • Works reflect confusion and anguish that people felt in the Later Middle Ages (e.g. Black Death) • Death and the Miser (c. 1490): Depicts the dance of death theme (dense macabre) of the Black Plague era.

  25. HieronymusBoschThe Garden of Earthy Delightstriptychc. 1504

  26. Bosch The Garden of Earthly Delights triptych  Earthy Paradiseleft wing&Hell  right wingc. 1504

  27. BoschThe Temptation of St. Anthonyc. 1506-1507

  28. Bosch The Last Judgment triptych central panel c. 1500

  29. Peter Brueghel the Elder (1520-1569) • Not influenced much by the Italian Renaissance • Focused on lives of ordinary people and landscapes.

  30. Brueghel's, Tower of Babel, 1563

  31. Brueghel's, Mad Meg, 1562

  32. Brueghel's, Niederlandisch Proverbs, 1559

  33. Brueghel's, The Triumph of Death, 1562

  34. Brueghel's, Hunters in the Snow, 1565

  35. Brueghel's, Winter Scene, 1565

  36. Brueghel's, The Harvesters, 1565

  37. Brueghel, The Peasant Dance, 1568

  38. Brueghel, The Battle between Carnival and Lent, 1559

  39. Albrecht Dürer(1471-1528) • Foremost northern Renaissance artist. • Master of the woodcut/ engravings • First northerner artist to master Italian Renaissance techniques of proportion, perspective, & modeling • Some notable works include St. Jerome; Knight, Death, and Devil; Four Apostles; The Triumphal Arch • Painted numerous self-portraits

  40. Dürer Knight, Death, and Devil – 1513 Engraving

  41. Dürer St. Jerome in his Study –1514 Engraving

  42. Dürer The Four Apostles - 1526

  43. Dürer The Triumphal Arch – 1515 Woodcut

  44. The Triumphal Arch, details

  45. Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543) • Premier portrait artist of his era: painted Erasmus, More, numerous portraits of King Henry VIII and also his family members • The Ambassadors (1533) encompasses some of the major themes of the era: exploration, religious discord, preoccupation with death (the skull in the foreground) and the rising tide of international relations in an age of expansion Erasmus Writing - 1526

  46. Artist to the Tudors Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the future Edward VI (above), 1543.

  47. Holbein’s, The Ambassadors, 1533 A Skull

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