INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION I. General Biology A. Definition B. History of Biology 1. Microscope Development a. Zacharias Janssen, 1595 first light microscope b. Galileo Galilei, 1609 focusing device c. Robert Hooke, 1665 coined “Cellulae” d. Anton van Leeuwenhoek , 1672 “Homunculus” and “Animalcules”

2. 2. Basis of the Cell Theory a. Robert Dutrochet, 1824 plants made of cells b. Robert Brown, 1824 Brownian motion & the nucleus c. Matthias Schleiden & Theodor Schwann, 1839 Cell Theory i. The cell is the basic unit in living organisms. ii. The cell is the building block of organisms. d. J. Purkinji, 1840’s coined the term protoplasm e. Rudolph Virchow (Louis Pasteur), 1859 “Spontaneous Generation” iii. Cells arise from preexisting cells.

3. 3. Cellular Control a. Karl von Nageli, 1846 plant cells derived from direct division of maternal cells b. E. Strausburger & Walter Fleming, 1840’s directions for growth and division of cells contained in the nucleus c. Gregor Mendel, 1860’s proposed a hereditary molecule was responsible for expression of traits in an organism d. Frank Meischer, 1871 proposed nuclein material of nucleic acids e. Robert Altmann, 1889 purified nucleic acids into purine (A & G) and pyrimidine (T & C) bases DNA in all cells, while RNA variable f. James Watson & Francis Crick, 1953 summarized research and built the first model of DNA

4. II. Characteristics of Life A. Highly Organized Biosphere  Molecules Figure 1.2 B. Transform Energy Bioenergetics Figure 1.4

5. C. Reproduce Variation in Nature D. Grow & Develop Stages and Accomplishments

6. E. Irritable & Adaptable Daily Adjustments vs. Population Changes F. Practice Homeostasis Balanced against Change

7. Negative Mechanisms vs. Positive Mechanisms Figure 1.13b Figure 1.13a

8. III. Types of Cells A. Size Limits Surface Area vs. Volume Dilemma Figure 4.2A Figure 4.1B

9. B. Prokaryotes 2. Characteristics 1. Size Limits Figure 4.3 Figure 1.3 Figure 6.2

10. C. Eukaryotes 2. Characteristics 1. Size Limits Figure 4.4A Figure 4.1B Figure 4.4B

11. D. Viruses 1. Characteristics The parts == protein (capsid, landing gear, and injector) surrounding a nucleic acid core (genome = can be DNA or RNA)

12. 2. “Life” Strategies a. Lytic b. Lysogenic Figure 19.5 Figure 10.17

13. IV. Cellular Differentiation A. Forces B. Mechanisms V. Organism Classification b. Taxa A. Definitions Figure 1.6 B. Schemes a. Trophic Levels