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Mendel’s Work

Mendel’s Work. Key Concepts What were the results of Mendel’s experiments or crosses? What controls the inheritance of traits in organisms?. Key Terms. Heredity Trait Genetics Fertilization Purebred. Gene Alleles Dominant allele Recessive allele hybrid. Mendel’s Work.

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Mendel’s Work

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  1. Mendel’s Work Key Concepts What were the results of Mendel’s experiments or crosses? What controls the inheritance of traits in organisms?

  2. Key Terms • Heredity • Trait • Genetics • Fertilization • Purebred • Gene • Alleles • Dominant allele • Recessive allele • hybrid

  3. Mendel’s Work • Mendel experimented with thousands of Pea plants looking at their different traits to understand the process of heredity. His discoveries form the foundation of genetics. • Heredity –the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring • Trait- each different form of a characteristic • Genetics – the study of heredity

  4. Mendel’s Experiments • Flowering Plant anatomy • Pistil – produces the female sex cells or eggs • Stamens – produce pollen which contains the male sec cells or sperm • Fertilization is when the egg and sperm join forming a new organism • In plants the pollen must reach the pistil for fertilization to occur. This is called pollination

  5. Pollination • Pea plants usually self-pollinate. The pollen from their stamens lands of the same plants pistils. • Mendel developed a method to cross-pollinate pea plants. He took pollen from one pea plant and brushed it onto the pistil of another.

  6. Crossing Pea Plants • Mendel crossed plants with contrasting traits • Ex. Tall plants with short plants • Started with purebred plants – a purebred organism is one who is the offspring of many generations of that have the same trait

  7. The F1 Offspring • Mendel crossed purebred tall with purebred short Parental (P) generation • Tall x short • Offspring from the cross are called F1 (filial) • All F1 offspring were tall

  8. F2 offspring • When F1 were full grown, Mendel allowed them to self-pollinate • F2 were a mix of tall and short • ¾ were tall and ¼ were short

  9. Experiments with OtherTraits • Mendel crossed pea plants with other contrasting traits such as seed shape, seed color, seed coat color, etc. • In all crosses the F1 generation had only 1 form of the trait • In the F2 generation the “lost” form reappeared in ¼ of the plants.

  10. Dominant and Recessive Alleles • Mendel’s Conclusion • factors control the inheritance of traits in peas. • They exist in pairs • The female parent contributes one factor and the male parent contributes the other factor • One factor in a pair can mask or hide the other factor

  11. Genes and Alleles • Genes – factors that control a trait • Alleles – different forms of a gene • An organisms traits are controlled by the alleles it inherits from its parents. • Some alleles are dominant, while others are recessive • Dominant allele – trait always shows • Recessive allele –trait is hidden whenever dominant allele is present

  12. Alleles in Mendel’s Crosses • Stem Height Cross • P generation tall tall x short short • F1 generation all were tall short- Look tall • F2 generation ¼ tall tall - look tall ¼ tall short + ¼ short tall – look tall ¼ short short – look short

  13. Symbols for alleles • Letters are used to represent alleles • Capital letters are used for dominant alleles • Lowercase letters are used for recessive alleles • Purebred tall = TT • Purebred short = tt • Hybrid (one of each) =Tt

  14. Significance of Mendel’s Contribution • Before Mendel most people thought that the traits of an individual were a blend of their 2 parents. • If they blended the Tt plants should be medium height • Mendel found out that traits are determined by individual alleles some of which are dominant and some recessive. • Recessive traits may seem to disappear in the offspring only to reappear in the next generation • Mendel’s work was not recognized during his lifetime, but was rediscovered in 1900. He is now considered the Father of Genetics.

  15. Sources • http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/cm1504/mendel.htm • http://www.exploringnature.org/db/detail.php?dbID=45&detID=2290 • http://ncse.com/files/images/pea_plant.preview.jpg • http://library.thinkquest.org/28751/review/plants/6.html • http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_C/dictionary_cross_pollination.htm • http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio111/genetics.htm • http://www.bioinformatics.nl/webportal/background/mendelinfo.html • http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Experiments_on_Plant_Hybridization • http://www.csulb.edu/~kmacd/361-6-Ch2.htm • http://library.thinkquest.org/17109/tutorial.htm • http://www.learner.org/interactives/dna/genetics3.html • http://cynthialeitichsmith.blogspot.com/2010/06/guest-post-sharron-l-mcelmeel-on.html

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