Photo by Roy Peck

1. Senior University Georgetown Winter 2013 Session 6 From last week D-Day plus one, June 7th Seven slides view @ Vagabondgeology.com Creating Pathways for Ancient Peoples Finally, into the Western Hemisphere where human history has been written for the last 33,000 years. Today Rocky will take us to the Gault Site Photo by Roy Peck

2. A geology field trip you should make: Normandy Either a self conducted 4 person 7 day trip (see Sandi for details) or A Senior University group trip (est. cost $5000 pp plus air fare to Paris) (See Babs Cape if you might be interested) Today, let’s look at China, a world power for 4,500 years

3. The World’s Six Major Rivers in the Temperate Zone not affected by the continental glacier are the site for the world’s earliest civilizations China The topography of China and Asia

4. Topography of China Created by Recent Erosion China: Recall the geological ores that created the divisions of historic time Erosion is exposing the earth’s natural resources at or near the surface

5. Geologic Division of Historic Time Iron, Coal, Oil & Uranium Iron, Coal, Petroleum, & Uranium Age 1950 to Present Iron, Coal, & Oil Age 1900 to 1950 AD Iron & Coal Age 2 1830 to 1900 AD Iron & Coal Iron & Coal Age 1 (Industrial Age) 1700 to 1830 AD Renaissance 1450 to 1700 AD Middle Ages 470 to 1450 AD What natural resources does China have? Iron Age 2 Rome to 470 AD 750 BCE Iron Age 1 Greece 1400 to 750 BCE Bronze Age 3300 to 1400 BCE Copper, tin, arsenic, & zinc Copper Age 3300 to 3000 BCE Stone Age (end of Ice Age)10,000 to 3000 BCE

6. But, China’s amazing iron and coal resources provided unprecedented opportunities to move into the Iron Age Let’s look at China’s Iron and Coal resources The early Chinese Shang Dynasty on the Yellow River had to import its copper and tin

7. China: Geology & Iron and Coal Now, China’s resources and those of all of Asia

8. China: Iron and Coal Resources of Asia Beside it’s iron & coal, what else is unique about China’s geology?

9. USGS Geological Map: China Shield of mountains The Silk Route Fertile Flood plains Colors: Different rock types exposed at the surface by weathering and erosion.

10. River Drainage Areas Drainage Area: Yellow River Drainage Area: Yangzi River

11. China’s Iron & Coal and Major Rivers What’s China’s problem today? They are running out of iron & coal! And they are trying to “buy” iron & coal from third world countries Keeping China and France in mind let’s now look at the Western Hemisphere Now, recall how humans got from Siberia to Alaska: Sandi took us there last week What can we learn from China’s history? Conserve your natural resources; make them last as long as possible. No!! Not as long as we insist on living our current lavish life style! Are we making any effort to conserve our the resources that made us the most powerful nation on earth? Will buying from third world countries work? It didn’t for the international oil companies!

12. Location & Age of fossils of Homo sapiens 20,000 YBP 120,000 YBP 100,000 YBP 150,000 YBP 115,000 YBP Note: China is the next to oldest age fossils found to date. Did humans move there before going to France?

13. Humans arrive in Siberia about 100,000 years ago How many times has the Beringia land bridge been exposed in the last 100,000 years?

14. The Beringia Land Bridge Siberia to Alaska Another view

15. The current interpretation of two times when the Beringia land bridge was exposed during the last continental glacial period about 33 million years ago & about 45 million years ago Let’s look at our glacial graph for the last 65,000 years

16. Our glacial graph for the last 650,000 years Humans arrive in Siberia Now let’s focus on the last 200,000 years

17. Focus on the last 200,000 years Written human history Three glacial times when the Beringia land bridge connected Siberia to Alaska Humans arrive in Siberia Conclusion: There are three times when humans could have settled in Alaska and three times when they could have migrated south into North America during the interglacial times

18. We’ve gotten humans into the Western Hemisphere now it’s time to hear from Rocky on the Gault Site

19. It’s Graduation Time, Congratulations!

20. YOUR NAME Now let’s recognize those who have contributed so much to this course

21. Now let’s recognize those who have contributed so much to this course First, let’s see who was really responsible for the human progress from the Stone Age up to the present. Was it the geologists of their time?

22. Now let’s recognize those who have contributed so much to this course Contributions of the engineers (innovators) of that time Domesticated amials Domesticated seeds Bow & Arrows Smelting ores Smelting iron Spear heads Producing & refining Steel Conclusion: The engineer has taken human from the Stone Age to the Present Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Iron & coall Age Oil -3000 -2509 -2000 -1500 -1000 -500 1 500 1000 1500 2000 Oil Iron Iron & Coal Copper & Tin Flint & Obsidian Coming next Fall at Senior University Contributions of the geologists of that time

23. Coming next Fall at Senior University Travel with the vagabonds and the geologist to? But Maybe Normandy and Maryland and Pennsylvania

24. Thanks for the Memories!! The Best is yet to Come!

25. That’s all Folks Hope to see you next Fall