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The Essence of Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Discover the fundamental building blocks of life - biomolecules. Learn about carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, the essential macro molecules vital for life processes. Explore their structures, functions, and significance in organic chemistry. From sugars to DNA, delve into the intricate world of biomolecules.

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The Essence of Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

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  1. Biomolecules Molecules of Life Each biomolecule is a MACROmolecule =LARGE molecule Made of subunits (building blocks) Organic Chemistry: Carbon Chemistry

  2. Carbohydrates • Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (C,H,O) • Sugars (end in “-ose”) and Starches • Subunits aka monomers are monosaccharides (simple sugar) • Monosaccharide examples: Glucose and Fructose • Starches are polysaccharides (polymer)

  3. Carbohydrates • Provide quick ENERGY 4 Cal/g • Cell Receptors • Monosaccharide  (draw this) Recognize it as a hexagon or pentagon

  4. Simple Sugars: Carbohydrates • Simple Sugars: • Disaccharides “Two” “Sugars” • Examples: • Table sugar (Sucrose): = Glucose + Fructose • Maltose= Glucose + Glucose

  5. Polysaccharides • Complex sugars : 1,000’s of glucoses linked • Cellulose : Plants • Glycogen: Animals • Starches: plant storage (like potato)

  6. Lipids : Fats, Oils • Made of C,H,O • Saturated and Unsaturated • Subunits: Glycerol + fatty acids • Secondary Source of Energy • Provide insulation & protection &hormones • Major component of cell membranes • Provide 9 Cal/g

  7. Lipids:Fats Unsaturated C-C double bonds Liquid @room temp. Saturated C-C single bonds Solid @ room temp.

  8. Steroids are Lipids • Some Hormones: Testosterone, Estrogen, Cortisone

  9. Lipids aka Fats

  10. Proteins • Made of C, H, O, N • Monomers/subunits :amino acids • Linked by PEPTIDE BOND • Structural Components: Hair, Nails, Muscles • Functions : enzymes, structures in cell walls, assist with metabolism and antibodies • Enzymes: Help with chemical reaction in the cells and body (organic catalyst) end in “ase” • Hemoglobin: protein in RBC carries O2

  11. Proteins *Made from Amino acids *20 different Types *Recognize by the N *E = 4 Cal/g

  12. Proteins

  13. Proteins

  14. Nucleic Acids • Made of C, H, O, N, P • Subunits/Monomers: nucleotides • Two Types: DNA & RNA • Carry Genetic Code • DNA : Double helix • RNA: single stranded

  15. Nucleic Acids • Nucleotides: sugar, phosphate & nitrogen base

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