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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Marine Emergency Response. Part Three. Oil Pollution Responding and Damage Control. Review. Part Three Fire-Fighting and Life-saving at Sea. 1. Translate the following words and term:. emergency response. ship crew fire safety. 消防意识. 应急反应. 灭火器;. 船员消防培训. 火险船.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Marine Emergency Response

  2. Part Three Oil Pollution Responding and Damage Control

  3. Review • Part Three Fire-Fighting and Life-saving at Sea 1. Translate the following words and term: emergency response ship crew fire safety 消防意识 应急反应 灭火器; 船员消防培训 火险船 fire-distresses vessel fire-extinguisher fire fighting training of the crew 呼吸器 应急部署表 自由落放式救生艇 Breathing apparatus Muster List or Station Bill free fall lifeboats 2.Please say something about the classification of fires: Classes and suitable fire-fighting agents for each class

  4. Passage One Oil Pollution • Vocabulary • liquid petroleum hydrocarbon 液化石油碳氢化合物 • refined petroleum product提炼的石油产品 • by-product n.副产品 • slick [slik] n. 海面油膜 • oil slick 浮油 • Eg. A thin film of oil floating on top of water especially crude oil spilled from a ship is _________. • eliminate [i`limineit] vt. 消除,除掉 • superintendent administration监督当局,监管部门 • recovery [ri‘kʌvəri] n. 回收 • behaviour n.表现方式,活动方式 oil slick

  5. weather vt.,vi.风化,晒干 n.风化 • weather process 风化过程 • evaporate [i5vApEreit] vt. (使某物)蒸发掉 • evaporation 蒸发 • biodegradation [7baiəudiɡrei5deiʃən] 生物降解 • dispersion [7dis5pəʃən]n. 分散,散射 • emulsification [i7mʌlsifi5keiʃən] n.乳化,乳化作用 • droplet [5drCplit] n. 小滴 • dissolution [7disə5lu:ʃən] n. 溶解,分解 • polar compounds 极性化合物 • fraction n.[化学](分)馏(部)分 • oxidation [7ɔksi5deiʃən] n. 氧化(作用) • soluble [5sɔljubl] adj.可溶的,易溶解的 • promote [prə7məut] vt. 提升;[化学]使···更活跃 • sedimentation [7sedimen5teiʃən] n.沉降,沉积 • microbial [mai5krəubiəl] adj.微生物的 bacteria [bAk5tiEriE] n.细菌微生物 • biochemical [baiəu5kemikəl] adj.生物化学的 • biodegradation [7baiəudiɡrei5deiʃən] n. 生物降解 • nutrient [5nju:triənt] n. 营养素,营养物 • nitrogen [5naitrədʒən] n. [化学] 氮 • phosphorus [5fɔsfərəs] n. [化学]磷

  6. Passage One Oil Pollution 液化石油碳氢化合物 包括:从油轮、近海平台、钻油台以及(海上)油井中泄露出的原油… 提炼的石油产品 (如汽油、柴油)和它们的副产品… bunker n. 燃料舱 v.fill (a ship's bunker) with coal or oil (hyponym) fuel transfer cargo from a ship to a warehouse (hypernym) transfer, shift • Oil Spill • An oil spill is a release of a liquidpetroleumhydrocarbon into the environment due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term often refers to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters. Oil spills include releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, and heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil. The floating oil on the surface of the sea water is often known as oil slick. A vessel emitting harmful substances into the air or spilling oil into the sea is a polluter. 溢油,漏油 海的;海上溢油 ①bunker fuel 船用重油 ②fuel bunker 油料仓 refuse v.拒绝 n.垃圾,废物 n.1.污染物,污染源 2.污染

  7. According to the Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP), it is stipulated in “ Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution Caused by Ships” thatwhen accidents of pollution occur in the sea areas caused by oil, oil- based mixtures and other toxic substances from vessels in Chinese port, measures shall be immediately adopted to control and eliminate the pollution and a written report shall be made to a nearby harbor superintendent administration as quickly as possible for investigation and treatment. • 由that引导的主语从句,it是形式主语。 • 翻译:当在中国港口发生由船舶排放放油、含油混合物以及其它有毒物质导致的污染事故时,应该立刻采取措施控制并排除污染并且尽可能快地向最近的港口监督当局递交书面报告以便尽快调查和处理。 船舶油污应急计划 《 中华人民共和国防止船舶污染海域管理条例》

  8. 海岸线的类型 大多数的风化过程,比如像蒸发、分散、溶解以及沉降,都会导致油从海面上消失,而其余的,特别是油水混合的乳剂和随之产生的粘稠度的增大,则会使其继续存在。 • Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends upon many factors, including the type of oilspilled, the temperature of the water (affecting evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. It is generally not allowed to clean up an oil spill by using chemical agent, unless permitted by the governmental authorities concerned. • 2. Behaviour of oil at sea • Most of the weathering processes, such as evaporation, dispersion, dissolution and sedimentation, lead to the disappearance of oil from the surface of the sea, whereas others, particularly the formation of water-in-oil emulsions and the accompanying increase in viscosity, promote its persistence. The speed and relative importance of the processes depend on factors such as the quantity and type of oil, the prevailing weather and sea conditions, and whether the oil remains at sea or is washed ashore. Ultimately, the marine environment assimilates spilled oil through the long-term process of biodegradation. 油在海上的活动方式

  9. 不过,然而 • 1)Spreading • As soon as oil is spilled, it • starts to spread out over the sea • surface, initially as a single slick. • Nevertheless, slicks quickly • spread to cover extensive • areas of the sea surface. After • a few hours the slick will begin • to break up and, because of • winds, wave action and water • turbulence, will then form narrow bands or windrows parallel to the wind direction. The more severe the conditions, the more rapid the spreading and breaking up of the oil. windrow [5windrəu]被风吹集于一处之落叶,狭长的一行,风吹形成的行列状

  10. n.挥发性;挥发度 • 2) Evaporation • Lighter components of the oil • will evaporate to the atmosphere. • The amount of evaporation and • the speed at which it occurs • depend upon the volatility of the • oil. Evaporation can increase as • the oil spreads, due to the • increased surface area of the • slick. Rougher seas, high wind • speeds and high temperatures also tend to increase the rate of evaporation and the proportion of oil lost by this process.

  11. 3) Dispersion • Waves and turbulence at the • sea surface can cause all or • part of a slick to break up into • fragments and droplets of • varying sizes. These become • mixed into the upper levels • of the water column. Some of • the smaller droplets will remain • suspended in the sea water while the larger ones will tend to rise back to the surface, where they may either coalesce with other droplets to reform a slick or spread out to form a very thin film. The oil that remains suspended in the water has a greater surface area than before dispersion occurred. This encourages other natural processes such as dissolution, biodegradation and sedimentation to occur. coalesce[7kəʊə5les] (with) vi. mix together different elements 联合,混合

  12. 4) Emulsification • Emulsification of crude oils • refers to the process whereby • sea water droplets become • suspended in the oil. This occurs • by physical mixing promoted by • turbulence at the sea surface. • The emulsion thus formed is • usually very viscous and more • persistent than the original oil and is often referred to as chocolate mousse because of its appearance. The formation of these emulsions causes the volume of pollutant to increase between three and four times. This slows and delays other processes which would allow the oil to dissipate.

  13. 5) Dissolution • Water solublecompounds in oil • may dissolve into the surrounding • water. This depends on the • composition and state of the oil, • and occurs most quickly when the • oil is finely dispersed in the water • column. It is a process that the oil • components including polar • compounds formed as a result of • oxidation of some oil fractions in the marine environment dissolve in seawater. ①soluble ['sɔljubl] adj.可溶的, 易溶解的;②②compound ['kɔmpaund] n.复合物, 化合物;③此处指:油中的水溶混合物 水柱

  14. 阳光可以使这一过程更加地活跃,其活跃程度取决于油的类型和它所暴露在阳光下的方式。 tar [tɑ:]n.焦油, 沥青, 柏油 • 6) Oxidation • Oils react chemically with • oxygen either breaking down • into soluble products or forming • persistent compounds called tars. • This process is promoted by • sunlight and the extent to which • it occurs depends on the type of • oil and the form in which it is • exposed to sunlight. However, • this process is very slow and even in strong sunlight, thin films of oil break down at no more than 0.1% per day.

  15. 然而,海水的密度大约是1.025吨/立方米,原油的密度不足或者说不能彻底风化,所以原油残留物就会沉降到海底中。 • 7) Sedimentation/Sinking • Some heavy refined products • have densities greater than oil • and so will sink in fresh or • brackish water. However sea • water has a density of approxi- • mately 1.025 and very few crudes • are dense enough or weather • sufficiently, so that their residues • will sink in the marine environment. Sinking usually occurs due to the adhesion of particles of sediment or organic matter to the oil. Shallow waters are often laden with suspended solids providing favourable conditions for sedimentation. [ɔ:5ɡænik]adj.有机(体)的, 有机物的

  16. It is the result of combining processes of microbial activity and biochemical process. It is a process that oil spilled into sea is absorbed on the suspended material and deposited to the bottom. • 8) Biodegradation • Sea water contains a range of • micro-organisms or microbes that • can partially or completely degrade • oil to water soluble compounds and • eventually to carbon dioxide and • water. Many types of microbe exist • and each tends to degrade a • particular group of compounds in • crude oil. However, some compounds in oil are very resistant to attack and may not degrade.

  17. interface n.(chemistry) a surface forming a common boundary between two things (two objects or liquids or chemical phases) 界面,分界面,汇合处 • The main factors affecting the • efficiency of biodegradation, are • the levels of nutrients (nitrogen • and phosphorus) in the water, the • temperature and the level of • oxygen present. As biodegradation • requires oxygen, this process can • only take place at the oil-water • interface since no oxygen is • available within the oil itself. The creation of oil droplets, either by natural or chemical dispersion, increases the surface area of oil and increases the area available for biodegradation to take place.

  18. Brief Comment • Part Three:Passage One : Oil Pollution • 1. Oil Spill • 2. Behaviour of oil at sea • Homework Assignment • 1.Review all the words and terms learnt today and remember then by heart. • 2.Read the two passages abovelearnt correctly and frequently. • 3. Prepare passage two in this part: Damage Control • Class is over! • Bye, boys!

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