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Bell

Bell. Giants, Dwarfs, and Bulging Eyes OH MY! Read 215-216 Function of Endocrine system. Endocrine System. Function… ENDOCRINE GLANDS Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream Ductless by comparison…..

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Bell

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  1. Bell • Giants, Dwarfs, and Bulging Eyes OH MY! • Read 215-216 Function of Endocrine system

  2. Endocrine System • Function… • ENDOCRINE GLANDS • Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream • Ductless • by comparison….. • EXOCRINE GLANDS – secrete substances through a duct (sweat, salivary, lacrimal and pancreas) • Function of the Endocrine System – to secrete hormones – chemical messengers that coordinate and direct target cells and organs.

  3. Bell… • Write down the function of the Endocrine system.

  4. Hormonal Control • NEGATIVE FEEDBACK • Drop in hormone level triggers a chain reaction to increase secretion, for example • Blood level of hormone falls • Brain gets message and sends out hormone to stimulate gland • Gland stimulates more hormone • When blood levels of hormone increase, the brain hormones stop

  5. Nervous Control • – in some cases, sympathetic nervous system causes direct release of hormone from gland (for example, when stress causes the adrenal medulla to secrete adrenalin)

  6. Endocrine glands and exclusive function

  7. Seven major glands that form the Endocrine System 1) Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Thyroid Pancreas Pineal reproductive Collection of small glands that regulate

  8. Tiny structure the size of a grape Located at the base of the brain Connected to the hypothalamus Divided into anterior and posterior lobes (pg 2) The “Master Gland” PITUITARY GLAND

  9. Anterior Pituitary Lobe • GROWTH HORMONE - GH (SOMATOTROPIN) responsible for growth and development • PROLACTIN – develops breast tissue, stimulates production of milk after childbirth • THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE – TSH - stimulates thyroxine • ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE – ACTH – stimulates adrenal cortex • FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE – FSH -stimulates growth of graafian follicle and production of estrogen in females, sperm in males • LUTEINIZING HORMONE – LH – stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum, which produces progesterone in females, stimulates testosterone secretion in males • (pg 2)

  10. Posterior Pituitary Lobe • VASOPRESSIN – converts to ADH (antidiuretic hormone) in the bloodstream, acts on kidney to concentrate urine and preserve H2O in the body • OXYTOCIN – released during childbirth causing contractions of the uterus • Pitocin-synthetic Oxytocin

  11. Pineal Body • Also called the pineal gland • Is located in the middle of the brain • It secretes melatonin, a hormone that regulate the wake and sleep cycle • Reseach shows that disturbance in the secretion of melatonin may be responsible for “jet lag” • www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200705/s1929295.htm - May 21, 2007

  12. THYROID GLAND • Butterfly-shaped mass of tissue • On either side of larynx, over trachea • H-shaped • Main hormone – THYROXINE – is controlled by the secretion of TSH • Thyroxine controls the rate of metabolism • CALCITONIN – controls calcium ion concentration in the body, prevents hypercalcemia • (pg 2)

  13. PARATHYROID GLANDS • Four glands, each the size of a grain of rice • Attached to posterior thyroid • Produce PARATHORMONE which helps control blood calcium level, prevents hypocalcemia

  14. Endocrine gland and lymphatic organ • Located behind the sternum, above and in front of the heart • Begins to disappear at puberty • (pg2) THYMUS

  15. ADRENAL GLANDS • Located on top of each kidney • (pg 2) • Adrenal cortex secretes hormones known at corticoids – they are anti-inflammatory • They are: mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones • ANDROGENS are male sex hormones • Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine • ADRENALIN is a powerful cardiac stimulent – “fight or flight” hormones that prepare the body for an emergency situation

  16. GONADS • Ovary in female • Testes in male • (pg2) • Estrogen – development of female reproductive organs, secondary sex characteristics • Progesterone – plays a part in the menstrual cycle • Testosterone – male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

  17. Workbook assignment… • Page 138 • G 1 and 2

  18. PANCREAS • Located behind the stomach • Endocrine and exocrine functions • (pg 2) • Involved in production of INSULIN by ISLETS OF LANGERHANS • Insulin – promotes utilization of glucose by the cells, fatty acid and amino acid transport, and facilitates protein synthesis

  19. Who does what…. Growth Waterbalance Reproduction Metabolism Calciumand glucoselevels Responseto stress Pituitary Testes Thyroid Pancreas Adrenals Ovaries Parathyroids Section 39-2 The Endocrine System regulates by meansof the by meansof the by meansof the by meansof the by meansof the by meansof the

  20. Complete • Labeling and column one

  21. assignments…. Finish the bottom of the page you labeled yesterday • Complete on your own • “Who Am I?’ • Gland Alert • Word search (optional) • ‘Resume brief lecture @ 2:25??! • Write a Letter. Dear Dr….

  22. Bell • Workbook page 135. A 1-3

  23. Other Hormones • PROSTAGLANDINS – tissue hormones, can cause constriction of blood vessels, muscle contractions. Can be used to induce labor.

  24. Structures of the Endocrine System

  25. Endocrine Disorders • GIGANTISM • Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone • In preadolescent – overgrowth of long bones leads to excessive tallness • DWARFISM • Hypofunction of • pituitary in childhood • Small size, but body • proportions and intellect • are normal • Sexual immaturity • Rx – early diagnosis, • injection • of growth hormone • ACROMEGALY • Hyperfunction of pituitary – too much growth hormone in adulthood • Overdevelopment of bones in face, hands and feet • Attacks cartilage – so the chin protrudes, lips nose and extremities enlarge • Rx – drugs to inhibit growth hormone, radiation

  26. HYPERTHYROIDISM Overactive thyroid gland Too much thyroxine secreted leading to enlargement of gland People with this disease consume large quantities of food but lose body fat and weight Most pronounced symptoms are enlargement of gland (GOITER) and bulging of eyeballs (EXOPHTHALMOS) Rx – total or partial removal of thyroid gland, drugs to reduce thyroxine, radiation HYPOTHYROIDISM Not enough thyroxine secreted May be due to lack of iodine (simple goiter) Major cause of other types is inflammation of thyroid which destroys the ability of the gland to make thyroxine Symps – dry and itchy skin, dry and brittle hair, constipation, muscle cramps at night

  27. TETANY • In hypoparathyroidism, decreased calcium levels affect function of nerves • Convulsive twitching develops, person dies of spasms in the respiratory muscles • Rx – Vitamin D, calcium and parathormone

  28. DIABETES MELLITUS • Caused by  secretion of insulin • Can be insulin dependent (juvenile) or non-insulin dependent • Symps – polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss, blurred vision, and possible diabetic coma • If not treated, excess glucose in blood (hyperglycemia) and glucose secreted in urine (glycosuria) • Since glucose not available for cellular oxidation, body starts to burn up protein and fat • If too much insulin is given, blood sugar may go too low (hypogycemia insulin shock) • If blood sugar gets too high – hyperglycemia diabetic coma • Type II (non-insulin dependent) is most common, usually familial, occurs later in life, control with oral hypoglycemic drugs and diet • Tests for Diabetes – blood sample measured in glucometer – done by patient in home – normal blood sugar 80-100 mg

  29. How Insulin Works

  30. BLOOD GLUCOSE

  31. Cushing’s Syndrome • Hyperfunction of the Adrenal • Hypersecretion of the glococorticoid hormones. Could be caused by an adrenal tumor or longterm use of steroids. S&S include hypertension, muscle weakness, obesity, excessive hair growth and rounded “moon” face. • TX. Removal of tumor or DC steroids

  32. Addison’s Disease • Hypofunction of Adrenal Cortex • S&S: Excessive pigmentation/’bronzing’ of skin Hypoglycemia, hypotension, wt. loss • Tx. Replacement of Hormone’s • United States President John F. Kennedy was one of the best-known Addison's disease sufferers. He was possibly one of the first Addison’s to survive major surgery. There was substantial secrecy surrounding his health during his years as president

  33. Assignments… • 1) Dear___________ • Write a letter and print it, follow rubric in packet • Choose one of our seven disorders • 2) Make sure you have filled in the right hand column of c. ”disorders”

  34. Bell • Complete Workbook page 139 J and 140 L • Make sure your name is on your packet and your Dear Dr letter is attached!

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