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Chapter 12: Cellular Reproduction Objectives:

Chapter 12: Cellular Reproduction Objectives: You will understand the terminology associated with chromosomes You will understand the individual parts of the cell cycle You will understand the phases of mitosis You will understand how cells regulate their reproduction

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Chapter 12: Cellular Reproduction Objectives:

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  1. Chapter 12: Cellular Reproduction • Objectives: • You will understand the terminology associated with chromosomes • You will understand the individual parts of the cell cycle • You will understand the phases of mitosis • You will understand how cells regulate their reproduction • You will understand the basics of how malfunctions of cellular regulation can cause cancer.

  2. DNA Packaging Terminology • Chromatin – Mix of nucleic acid and proteins • Chromosomes – Packaged DNA – Nucleic acid packaged around proteins • Human Somatic (46) - Diploid • Human Gametes (23) – Haploid • Sister Chromatids – Identical chromosomes that are attached at a centromere - Have already duplicated • -Mitosis – is the splitting of the nucleus followed cytokinesis

  3. Interphase • -G1 or Gap phase: • cell grows by multiplying organelles and proteins • SPhase or Synthesis: Cell continues to grow as DNA duplicates or makes an exact copy (sister chromatid) • -G2 or Gap phase: • Cell continues to grow and gets ready to divide. (SA to Volume) Cell Cycle Mitosis: Nuclear division Cytokinesis: final division of organelles and cells into identical daughter cells

  4. Mitosis Part I -Chromosomes have duplicated -Centrosomes have duplicated each having two centrioles -Chromatin has been condensed into visible chromosomes -Chromosomes appears with sister chromatid -Mitotic spindles are growing and centrosomes are moving towards opposite poles -Microtubules extend and some bond to kinetochore -Nuclear envelope is breaking up

  5. Mitosis Part II -Anaphase begins when the sister chromosomes begin to be pulled towards opposite poles -Cohesion proteins are cleaved -Kinetochore microtubules shorten -Sister chromatids are now daughter chromosomes -Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate -Kinetochore microtubules jerk the sister chromatids back and forth until they all align in the middle -Nuclear envelope now forms -Chromosomes become less dense -Cytokinesis begins

  6. Cytokinesis Plant Cells -Vesicles carrying cell wall components collect forming the cell plate Animal Cells -Cleavage is driven by cytoskeleton -microfiliments

  7. Binary Fission -Reproduction in Bacteria -Asexual Produces indentical copies of parent Evolution of Mitosis p. 237 figure 12.12

  8. Molecular Regulation Internal and External Regulation Growth factors p. 241 Kinetochores Density Dependent Anchorage Dependent

  9. Cell Signaling Malfunctions -Cancer is the uncontrolled dividing of cells – Cells don’t heed the stop signals -Cells are transformed (mutated into a cancerous cells) -Benign tumors stay in one place -Malignant tumors spread (metastasis) -Cancer Cells -Can have different number of chromosomes -Have different metabolic pathways -Changes in cell surface – Can change anchorage of cancer cells to other cells -Grow in clumps and may have attract blood vessels to grow towards the tumor

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