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Impact of the U.S.-Mexico War: Annexation of Texas and Territorial Expansion

The U.S. war with Mexico (1846-1848) significantly altered the nation’s landscape and politics. Following Texas' annexation, President Polk's expansionist policies fueled disputes, leading to war after Mexican troops attacked U.S. forces. The victorious U.S. secured vast territories, including California, Arizona, and New Mexico, through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This acquisition intensified the slavery debate, particularly in Congress, as new states entered the Union. The California Gold Rush further accelerated migration and economic growth, reshaping American society.

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Impact of the U.S.-Mexico War: Annexation of Texas and Territorial Expansion

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  1. Essential Question • What was the impact of the U.S. war with Mexico?

  2. War With Mexico

  3. Annexation • Texas voted in favor of annexation, to become a part of the U.S. • Andrew Jackson refused to act

  4. Problems with Texas • Northern members of Congress opposed Texas entering as a slave state • President Jackson did not want a costly war with Mexico

  5. President Tyler • Attempted to annex Texas • Northerners feared a pro-slavery plot • The Senate voted against making Texas a state

  6. Election of 1844 • Henry Clay (Whig) • James K. Polk (Democrat) • Victory for Polk

  7. Oregon Question • Both the U.S. and Britain claim this territory • Americans wanted “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” • Polk agreed to split the territory

  8. Texas • Oregon entered as a free state • 1845 – Texas entered the Union • Mexico broke off diplomatic relations with the U.S.

  9. Dispute with Mexico • No agreement on a border • Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico City as an envoy (representative)

  10. Troops in Texas • Polk ordered Zachary Taylor to lead his troops south of the Texan disputed border • May 1846 – news that Mexican forces had attacked Taylor

  11. War • Polk declared war on Mexico • Many opposed the war because they saw it as an attempt to extend slavery

  12. U.S. Military Strategy • One force moved south along the Gulf of Mexico • Second force moved northwest toward Santa Fe • Third force moved south to Mexico City

  13. War With Mexico • US forces won on all fronts • One small force continued on toward California

  14. California • US residents joined together under General John C. Fremont • June 1846 – declared independence from Mexico

  15. Winfield Scott • General who led US forces into Mexico City • Captured the capital of Mexico

  16. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Feb. 1848 • Mexico gave up 500,000 sq. miles of territory to the US • CA, UT, NV, AZ, NM • Accepted the Rio Grande River as the southern border of TX

  17. Gadsden Purchase U.S. purchased additional land for $10 million from Mexico Arizona and New Mexico

  18. California Gold Rush • Discovered in 1848 • 80,000 “Forty-Niners” arrived • CA applied to the Union as a free state

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