Understanding Macronutrients and Micronutrients: Energy, Structure, and Functions

Jan 17, 2026

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This overview delves into the roles of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water in nutrition. Carbohydrates provide energy through starches and sugars, while fats build cell membranes and synthesize hormones. Proteins are essential for muscle and enzyme development. Vitamins and minerals are vital for various bodily functions but cannot be used as energy. Water is crucial for lubrication and cell functions. Understanding how to convert percentages into calories helps manage dietary intake effectively.

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Understanding Macronutrients and Micronutrients: Energy, Structure, and Functions

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Nutrition
Carbohydrates • ENERGY • Starches • Sugars • Stored as glycogen • Cellulose – indigestible = roughage
Fats • ENERGY • Build cell membranes • Synthesize hormones • Homeostasis
Proteins • Builds structures • Muscles • Cell membranes • Makes enzymes • Makes hormones • Can be used for energy
Minerals Define mineral here. Copy mineral chart on page 971. • Cannot be used for energy.
Vitamins Define vitamin here. Copy vitamin chart on page 972.
Water • Lubrication • Cell functions Question: How many liters of water do you lose per day?
Minilab, page 973 Convert percentages to calories before comparing. Example: 2000 calories x 60% carbohydrates = 1200 calories. Percentages afterwards. Ex: 1200 cals (carbs) x 30% = 360 cals.