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Invertebrates

Invertebrates make up 95-99% of all species and play crucial roles in pollination, recycling, and maintaining ecological communities. Learn about their importance, care considerations, and phylogeny.

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Invertebrates

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  1. Invertebrates Rachel Reed & Erin Baxter

  2. Importance • 95-99% of all species • Pollination • Recycling • Food in many cultures • Food webs • Maintenance of ecological communities

  3. E.O. Wilson “If human beings were not so impressed by size alone, they would consider an ant more wonderful than a rhinoceros.”

  4. Basics • Aquatic vs. Terrestrial • Arboreal, aerial • Anatomical Definitions • Hemolymph, exoskeleton, hydrostatic skeleton • Reproductive terms • Dioecious, hermaphroditic, parthenogenesis

  5. Considerations in Aquatic Care • Marine vs. Freshwater • Water quality • Substrate, plants • Light • Water circulation • Other species in aquaria • Diet

  6. Considerations in Terrestrial Care • Safe, sanitary, not crowded • Temperature considerations • Substrate, plants • Water availability & mode of delivery • Arboreal species? • Air circulation • Diet

  7. Ctenophora “Comb Jellies” • Marine waters • Carnivorous Diet • Water requirements dependent on species • Most are hermaphroditic • Water Flow patterns are important

  8. Phylogeny

  9. Porifera “Sponges” • Primarily Marine; sessile • Water requirements dependent on species • Unique feeding system; tiny pores; water flow necessary • Reproduce by both sexual and asexual means

  10. Phylogeny

  11. Cnidaria Anemones Jellyfish • Radial symmetry,Hydrostatic skeleton, Dimorphic development • Can sting! Coral

  12. Anemones • Marine • Need excellent water condition • Most capture animal prey; zooanthellae • Variable but specific temperature requirements dependent upon species • Asexual reproduction • Interspecific Aggression

  13. Jellyfish • Marine • Water flow patterns • Predators – have stingers! • Sexual reproduction • Lots of species variability

  14. Coral • Marine • Water Quality Important! • Zooxanthellae; Most capture animal prey • Sexual & Asexual Reproduction • Can exhibit contact inhibition and interspecific aggression in the tank • Hermatypic vs Ahermatypic

  15. Phylogeny

  16. Echinoderms • Marine • Water quality important- toxicity problems • Diet is largely dependent on species • Asexual & sexual reproduction dependent on species • Water vascular system locomotion, gripping, feeding http://www.studentreader.com/files/purplestarfishonrocks.jpg

  17. Phylogeny

  18. Sea Squirts • Sessile, marine • Environmental management based on species • Herbivorous diet • Sexual or Asexual reproduction • 90% of all urochordates http://www.lancashiremcs.org.uk/gallery/pics/sea-squirt.jpg

  19. Gastropods • Marine & freshwater • Sessile and mobile • Filter feeders • Tank Management • Substrate • Dioecious or hermaphroditic http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/photos/SeagrassMolluscs.jpeg

  20. Cephalopods • Marine Aquatic • Varied diet • Active hunters • Tank Management • Dioecious http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/images/olc/nautilusj.baecker_berlin_zoo_aquarium_pd600.jpg

  21. Phylogeny

  22. Pogonophora & Vestimentifera • Deep sea dwelling worms! • Often grouped together www.ucmp.berkeley.edu www.nsf.gov

  23. Phylogeny

  24. Annelids • Aquatic and terrestrial • Varied diet and feeding strategies • Environmental requirements dependent upon species • Sexual reproduction; dioecious • Biomedical & ecological importance http://www.education.umd.edu/blt/pic/Annelids.jpg

  25. Phylogeny

  26. Rotifers • Most freshwater but some marine and terrestrial • Omnivores • Water Management • Parthenogenic or dioecious

  27. Phylogeny

  28. Flatworms (Turbellarians) • Mostly Aquatic • Varied diet • Commensal and parasitic • Tank Management • Varied reproduction http://www.dhadm.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/flatworm02.jpg

  29. Nematodes • Aquatic & Marine • Varied diet • Mostly parasitic • Environment Management • Dieocious or parthenogenic http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/concepts/soil_biology/images/large_todes_LR.jpg

  30. Phylogeny

  31. Tardigrades • Marine, freshwater & terrestrial • “Water bears” • Cryptobiosis http://www.uea.ac.uk/~b444219/images/TNWP_Echiniscus%20madonnae%20(SEM).jpg

  32. Phylogeny

  33. Onychophora • Tropical, terrestrial • Velvet worms or walking worms • Prey on smaller arthropods

  34. Phylogeny

  35. Crustaceans • Terrestrial and Aquatic • Diet dependent on species • Tank Management • Dieocious • Economic importance www.britannica.com/eb/art/print?id=104965

  36. Phylogeny

  37. Insects • Predominantly terrestrial • Varied Diet • Environmental Management • Reproduction • Social Systems • Economical & Ecological Importance

  38. Phylogeny

  39. Myriapods • Terrestrial • Diet dependent on species • Well defined environmental requirements • Dieocious; some parthenogenic

  40. Myriapods Millipedes • Mostly herbivorous • Two pairs per body segment • Non-aggressive; slow • Easy to handle Centipedes • Mostly carnivorous • One pair of legs per body segment • Aggressive; fast! • Extremely hard to handle; venomous http://cordially.narod.ru/album/insect/images/home-centipede.jpg http://www.garden-city.org/zoo/animalinfo/images/milipede_76pic.jpg

  41. Millipedes • Substrate: 8-10cm of soil with 3-4cm of leaf litter on top • Temperature • Humidity • Diet: leaf litter, fruits & vegetables • Reproduction

  42. Centipedes • Soil covered with leaf litter or mulch • Temperature • Humidity • Light • Diet: mix of live and dead invertebrates, dead pinky mice, day old chicks, adult mice, etc. • Reproduction

  43. Phylogeny

  44. Horseshoe Crabs • Marine, Aquatic • Captive diet • Various habitats • Dieocious • Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) extracted from hemolymph- Pharmaceutical use http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/33-28-HorseshoeCrabs.jpg

  45. Phylogeny SPIDERS!

  46. Arachnids

  47. Scorpions • Terrestrial • Carnivorous • Environment: mostly desert • Sexual reproduction

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