1. Identifiers Identifiers name many things in programs, including… Identifier Properties

2. Symbol Tables Static properties are determined at compile time. Thesymbol tableis the compiler’s dictionary. Examples (Java) int myInt = 3; public double total(double a, double b, double c) …

3. Binding Bindingoccurs when a symbol (usually an identifier) is associated with a memory location a type (for a future lecture) a set of possible values a particular value a meaning (as for a subprogram) a set of possible meanings Such bindings can happen… ____________ binding means that a binding is fixed throughout execution. ____________ binding allows bindings to change in the midst of execution. malloc polymorphism

4. Lifetime Three kinds of data lifetime - allocated from beginning to end of program execution. implemented via fixed memory - allocated when a block is entered and deallocated at block exit. implemented via run-time stack The textbook calls this type of data stack dynamic - allocated under program control implemented via storage heap Block-structured languages define regions for automatic data. Lifetime and scope are related, but different, concepts.

5. Modula-2 Example MODULE Example1; VAR I : INTEGER; C : CARDINAL; GlobalBoo : BOOLEAN; PROCEDURE foo(B : BOOLEAN); VAR R : REAL; C : CHAR; Boo : BOOLEAN; BEGIN   foo(Boo);   END; (* foo *) BEGIN (* Example2 *)   foo(GlobalBoo);   END Example1.

6. Java Example public class myClass { public int myInt; public SomeClass myClassVar; public final int size = 100; public static myStaticInt; public void myFunction( int j ) { int w = 4; for (int m = 0; m<20; m++) { System.out.println( m*w + j ); } myClass = new SomeClass(); myClass = new SomeClass(); myStaticInt = 7; } }

7. Scope in Java… private - access restricted to containing class. public - unrestricted access. protected - access restricted to containing class and descendant classes. <instance variable with unspecified scope> - access restricted to package of classes <local variable> - access restricted to method/for statement block {…} in Eiffel… feature {NONE} - access restricted to containing object and subclasses. feature {ANY} - unrestricted access. feature {MyClass, YourClass} - access restricted to objects belonging to MyClass and YourClass type objects <local variable> - access restricted to block {…} Eiffel features are read only. Eiffel extends scope by objects. Java extends scope by classes. in Perl… dynamic scope

8. program Example1(input, output); var j, k : integer; globalBoo : boolean; procedure foo1(b : boolean); var r, k : real; boo : boolean; function foo2(z : real) : real; begin foo2 := z + r + k + j; end begin {foo1}   foo1(boo); k := foo2(r);   end {foo1} begin {Example1}   foo1(globalBoo);   end. Pascal Example

9. public class Outer { public int outPub; private int outPriv; private InnerPub inPubZ = new InnerPub(); private InnerPriv inPrivZ = new InnerPriv(); public class InnerPub { public int inPubPub; private int inPubPriv; public InnerPub() { } public void testAccess() { outPub = 1; outPriv = 1; inPrivZ.inPrivPub = 1; inPrivZ.inPrivPriv = 1; } } private class InnerPriv { public int inPrivPub; private int inPrivPriv; public InnerPriv() { } public void testAccess() { outPub = 1; outPriv = 1; inPubZinPubPub = 1; inPubZ.inPubPriv = 1; } } public Outer() { outPub = 1; outPriv = 1; inPubZ.inPubPub = 1; inPubZ.inPubPriv = 1; inPrivZ.inPrivPub = 1; inPrivZ.inPrivPriv = 1; inPubZ.testAccess(); inPrivZ.testAccess(); } } Java - inner classes

10. Java public class Driver { public Classy c1, c2; public NotSoClassy nc1, nc2; public void Driver() { c1 = new Classy(); c2 = new Classy(); c1.z = 1; c1.s = “c1”; c2.z = 2; c2.s = “c2”; System.out.println(c1.z + “…” + c1.s); System.out.println(c2.z + “…” + c2.s); nc1 = new NotSoClassy(); nc2 = new NotSoClassy(); nc1.z = 1; nc1.s = “c1”; nc2.z = 2; nc2.s = “c2”; System.out.println(nc1.z + “…” + nc1.s); System.out.println(nc2.z + “…” + nc2.s); } } public class Classy { public int z; public String s; public Classy() { … } } public class NotSoClassy { public static int z; public static String s; public static final String alpha = “abc”; public NotSoClassy() { … } }

11. Java public class OrderedPair { public int x; private int y; public OrderedPair(int a, int b) { x = a; y = b; } public boolean isBiggerThan(OrderedPair p) { returns (x > p.x && y > p.y); } } public class MyClass { public OrderedPair point1, point2; public MyClass() { point1 = new OrderedPair(1, 2); point2 = new OrderedPair(3, 2); if (point1.isBiggerThan(point2)) System.out.println(“Hi Mom”); point1.x = point.x * 2; point1.y = point.y* 2; // this instruction violates scope. } }

12. Eiffel - part 1 class OrderedPair creation create; feature {ANY} x : INTEGER; create(a, b : INTEGER) is do x := a; y := b; end; isBiggerThan( p : OrderedPair ) : BOOLEAN is do result := (x > p.x and y > p.y); // p.y is a scope violation end; feature {NONE} y : INTEGER; end -- class OrderedPair

13. Eiffel - part 2 class myClass feature {ANY} point1, point2 : OrderedPair; someMethod is do !!point1.create(1, 2); !!point2.create(3, 2); if point1.isBiggerThan(point2) then io.putstring(“Hi Mom.”); end; point1.x = point.x * 2; //write access is not permitted. point1.y = point.y* 2; // this violates both scope & write access end; end -- class myClass