非谓语动词用法之动词 -ing 作状语

非谓语动词用法 之动词-ing作状语

动词-ing短语可以用作状语，修饰句子中由谓语表示的主要动作。这个状语可以表示动作发生的时间、原因、结果、条件、方式、让步、程度、补充说明或表示主要动作发生的伴随情况，通常相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。

一、作时间状语 A. 如果动词-ing的动作和主谓语的动作同时发生，用一般式，有时其前可以加上连词while或when。例如： ①Hearing the news，they all jumped with joy.(＝When they heard the news，they...) 听到这个消息时，他们都高兴得跳了起来。 ②Walking slowly across the grass，he pointed the gun at the lion and fired. 他慢慢地走过草地，把枪对准狮子就射击了。 ③One day，while walking along the sands towards his boat，Crusoe saw in the sand the mark of a man's foot. 有一天，克鲁索沿着沙滩走向他的船时，在沙子里看一个人的脚印。

B. 如果动词-ing的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，应用完成式，即having done。这时动词-ing所表示的动作有一定的持续性。如果用一般式就会给人感觉到似乎是“某人在做某事时就开始做某事”，容易产生误解。但是，如果是hear，see等表示感官的动词或是leave，arrive，turn，open等表示位置转换或情况改变的动词，动词-ing所表示的动作发生后，主句的动作往往紧接着发生，那就不必用完成式，仍用一般式。

例如： ①Having watered the flowers(＝After／When he had watered the flowers)，he began to cut the grass. 他把花浇好后，开始割草。 ②Having eaten his dinner，the boy rushed out. 那男孩吃完了饭就跑出去了。 ③Hearing the footstep below(＝When he heard the footstep below)，he rose and went to the top of the stairs. 听见下面脚步声，他站起身来走到楼梯口去。 ④Seeing a large cake flying through the air，the driver pulled up quickly. 司机看见一只大蛋糕在空中掠过，赶紧刹车。

二、作原因状语 动词-ing短语作原因状语，尤其是be，feel，know，recognize，fear等状态动词的动词-ing(短语)，以及动词 -ing的否定式用作状语时，通常表示原因。例如： ①Being sick，I stayed at home.我因病呆在家中。 ②Not knowing her address，I can't write to her. 由于不知道她的地址，我没法给她写信。 ③Not having done(＝As he had not done)his homework，he stayed at home. 由于他没完成作业，只好呆在家里。

三、结果状语 例如： ①I thought he was making fun of me，and ran faster than ever，reaching(＝so that I reached) the school yard quite out of breath. 我想他在拿我开玩笑，就越发跑得快了，到达校园时已经上气不接下气。 ②Her husband died ten years ago，leaving her with three children to look after. 她丈夫十年前去世了，撇下她和三个孩子。

四、条件状语（相当于if引导的条件状语从句）四、条件状语（相当于if引导的条件状语从句）例如： Taking(＝If you take) the path that leads out of the town，you will come to a dense wood. 如果你沿着通向郊外的小道前进，就会走到一片密林处。五、表程度的状语例如： The water is boiling hot. It’s freezing cold. 六、让步状语例如： Having failed many times, he didn't lose heart.

七、伴随状语 伴随状语的特点是：它所表达的动作或状态是伴随着句子谓语动词的动作而发生或存在的。例如： ①He sat in the armchair，reading a newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅里读报。 ②All night long he lay awake，thinking of the problem. 他整夜躺在床上睡不着，思考着那个问题。

八、方式状语 动词-ing作方式状语很容易与伴随状语、同位语、定语相混淆。　 ...But later，people developed a way of printing，using rocks. ……但是以后，人们利用石块发展了印刷术。？1)把它视作a way of printing的同位语。？2)把它视作状语，表示伴随情况或方式。表示方式状语(但不是伴随状语)。因为句中using rocks表明人们用什么方法发明了一种印刷方法，是涉及到用how或by what means的回答问题，所以，如果把句中using前的逗号去掉，改为by，则句意保持不变。又如： He earns a living by driving.他靠开卡车谋生。 They would be able to reply to our signals by using similar methods. 他们将能用同样的方法回答我们的信号。

九、补充说明作用 动词-ing短语起补充说明的作用与伴随状语有些相似，但严格地说，它不是伴随状语，因为它所表达的情景不与句子的动作相伴而产生，实际上，它起着补充说明的作用，相当于一个并列分句，但比分句简洁、明快。例如： ①My train leaves at six，arriving in Chicago at ten.＝...and will arrive in Chicago at ten. ②The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks，adding that he had enjoyed his stay here.＝...and added that he had enjoyed his stay here.

使用动词-ing作状语时 应该注意的几个问题

1）动词-ing作状语与谓语动词的时间关系。 A. 动词-ing所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生时，动词-ing用一般式。例如： The secretary worked late into the night, preparing a long speech for the president. B. 动词-ing所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作时，动词-ing用完成式。例如： Having finished his homework, the boy went out to play football.

2）动词-ing作状语与主语的关系。 动词-ing作状语时，其逻辑主语一般与句子主语一致。如果不一致，动词-ing应有自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构。例如： Looking out of the window of our hotel room, we could see lots of mountains around. Mr. Smith being absent, the meeting had to be put off.

Weather permitting, we’ll go there by bike. =If weather permits, we’ll go there by bike. Day breaking, we started for the town. =When day broke, we started for the town. So many people being absent, they decided to cancel the meeting. =As so many people were absent, they decided to … . There being no bus, we had to walk home. =As there was no bus, we had to walk home. She stood there, her head leaning on the tree. =She stood there and her head leaned against/ on the tree.

3）动词-ing短语作状语时与主语之间不能用并列连词or, and, but等，因为并列连词连接的是两个并列的成份，而动词-ing短语只是全句的一个状语部分，动词 -ing与主语之间可用逗号。例如：误：Having been told many times, but he still couldn’t understand it. 正：Having been told many times, he still couldn’t understand it.

4）特殊的动词-ing用法 英语中也有一些动词-ing,其逻辑主语不是句子的主语,它们已变成固定词组,表示说话人对所说的话的一种态度。如:Strickly speaking, his answer is wrong.Judging from / by his accent, he is from America.Supposing (=Suppose) it rains tomorrow, what shall we do ?Considering the absence of the chairman, we decided to delay the meeting.Talking of Jim, have you heard that he's getting married?

特殊情况 Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. Being French, it’s surprising that she’s such a terrible cook. ●当主语含有it 或there时, 有时用作状语的v-ing 短语的逻辑主语可以与主句主语不一致. In doing such work, patience is needed. =When one does such work, patience is needed. ●当V-ing暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的you 或one时,也无需考虑主语的一致性问题.

Let's practise!

单句改错 1. Having not seen the film, I can’t tell you what I think of it. 2. The men worked for extra hours got an extra pay. 3. Seen from the top of the hill, we find the city more beautiful. 4. Generally speak, facial expressions are helpful communications, too. Not having working Seeing speaking

5. “ Can’t you read?” the man said, angrily pointed to the notice on the wall. 6. Knocking at the door before entering, please. 7. European football is played in 80 countries, made it the most popular sport in the world. pointing Knock making

Choose the best answer. 1. The stranger said something in a _______ voice and the little girl was very much ________ A. frightening, frightened B. frightened, frightening C. frightening, frightening D. frightened, frightened

2. ________the piano, someone suddenly knocked at the door. A. Playing B. When I was playing C. Repairing D. Examining

3. Mother caught the boy ______ in the corner. A. smoke B. to smoke C. being smoked D. smoking

4. ______ the programme, they have to stay there for another 2 weeks.. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed

5. “We can’t go out in this weather”, said Bob, ____ out of the window. A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked 6. Though _____ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in

7. The bell _______ the end of the period rang, ______ our heated discussion. A. indicating; interrupting B. indicated; interrupting C. indicating; interrupted D. indicated; interrupted

8. _______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered

9. He looked around and caught a man ______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting

10. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _____ the girl and took her away, ____ into the woods. A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing

11. ______in the queue of half an hour. Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited 12. The picture _____ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. Having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung

13. Generally speaking, ______ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken

非谓语动词用法 之 动词 -ing 作状语