How the Internet will Empower Physics Research and How Physics Research will Empower the Internet

1. How the Internet will Empower Physics Research and How Physics Research will Empower the Internet Physics Colloquium University of California, San Diego May 24, 2001

2. Numerical General Relativity Was Begun Using Computing Resources of LLNL (1976)

3. NCSA Was an Explicit Clone of the LLNL Computational Environment Hardware, System Software, and the Computational Science and Engineering Methodology

4. MPS Directorate Dominates Large Project Usage on PACI Supercomputers 28 Projects Using >100,000 NUs in FY99 MPS Directorate

5. Mass of the Rho Meson Computed Using Various QCD Formulations • Quenched Approximation, Neglecting Quark Pairs • Computational Resources Grow as a-7 as a0 • Goal is Algorithm that is Flat as a0 Source: Bob Sugar, UCSB Physics

6. From Supercomputer Centers to the NSFnet to Today’s Commercial Internet Image: Cox, Patterson, NCSA

7. The World Wide Web was Inventedat CERN to Organize Physics Preprints 100 Commercial Licensees NCSA Programmers CERN Tim Berners-Lee

8. Why the Grid is the Future Scientific American, January 2001

9. The Grid Physics Network Is Driving the Creation of an International Grid • Paul Avery (Univ. of Florida) and Ian Foster (U. Chicago and ANL), Lead PIs • Largest NSF Information Technology Research Grant • 20 Institutions Involved • Enabled by the LambdaGrid and Internet2 Sloan Digital Sky Survey LHC CMS ATLAS

10. Computing Waveforms from Colliding Black Holes and Neutron Stars Teraflop Computation, AMR, Elliptic-Hyperbolic, Numerical Relativity LIGO Suen, Seidel-Colliding Black Holes and Neutron Stars

11. NCSA’s Largest Supercomputer Team Requires Grid Technologies to Enable Big Runs Paris Hong Kong ZIB NCSA AEI WashU Thessaloniki • How Do We: • Maintain/Develop Open Source Code? • Manage Multiple Computer Resources? • Carry Out/Monitor Simulation? Source: Ed Seidel, Wai-Mo Suen

12. The Next Wave of the Internet Will Extend IP Throughout the Physical World This is the Research Context for the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology Materials and Devices Team, UCSD

13. A Integrated Approach tothe New Internet 220 UCSD & UCI Faculty Working in Multidisciplinary Teams With Students, Industry, and the Community The State’s $100 M Creates Unique Buildings, Equipment, and Laboratories www.calit2.net

14. Program Elements of the Materials and Devices Layer • Lectures • Federal Grants • Workshops Graduate/postdoctoral Fellows Undergraduate Scholars Technical Support Staff 18 UCSD Faculty Molecular materials/devices Advanced fabrication and characterization facility: State-of-the-art capability for materials and device processing/analysis Chemical/biological sensors Materials theory/simulation Nanophotonic components Novel electronic materials Advanced display materials GaAs-based low-power MOS High-speed optical switches Nanoscale ultralow power electronics GaN-based microwave transistors Spintronics Cal-(IT)2 M&D Layer

15. Materials and Device LayerEmerging Initial Research Clusters • Opto-electronics • Quantum Computing • Non-volatile Memories • Materials Research • Semiconductorrs, • Superconductors • Magnetic Materials • All These Will Greatly Benefit From the New Facilities Source: Ivan Schuller, UCSD M&D Layer Leader

16. The Cal-(IT)2 Building in 2004 Will Add a Major Suite of Clean Rooms to the Campus

17. The UCSD “Living Grid Laboratory”—Fiber, Wireless, Compute, Data, Software • Commodity Internet, Internet2 • CENIC’s ONI, Cal-REN2, Dig. Cal. • PACI Distributed Terascale Facility Wireless WAN SDSC • High-speed optical core Eng. / Cal-(IT)2 CS Hosp Med Chem • Wireless LANs ½ Mile SIO Source: Phil Papadopoulos, SDSC

18. Wireless Internet Can Put a Supercomputer in the Palm of Your Hand! 802.11b Wireless • Interactive Access to: • State of Computer • Job Status • Application Codes

19. Optically Linked High Resolution Data Analysis and Crisis Management Facilities • Large-Scale Immersive Displays • Panoram Technology • Fiber Links Between SIO, SDSC, SDSU • Cox Communication • Optical Switching • TeraBurst Networks • Driven by Data-Intensive Applications • Seismic and Civil Infrastructure • Water Environmental System • Integrate Access Grid for Collaboration SDSC SIO

20. The High PerformanceWireless Research and Education Network Linking Astronomical Observatories to the Internet is a Major Driver NSF Funded PI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO 45mbps Duplex Backbone http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN

21. Creating Tiny and Inexpensive Wireless Internet Sensors Combining… Fluids Stresses and Strains 0.1 mm Optics and Lasers UCI Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility

22. Design of MEMS to Nano Embedded Sensing/Computing/Communicating Devices Protocol Stacks Wireless RTOS Network Transport Data Link Protocols SW/HW/Sensor/RF Co-design Reconfiguration Physical sensors Protocol Processors Reconf. Logic RF Memory DSP Processors SoC Design Methodologies Applications SW/Silicon/MEMS Implementation Internet Source: Sujit Dey, UCSD ECE

23. The Perfect Storm:Convergence of Engineering with BioMed, Physics, & IT Nanogen MicroArray 500x Magnification VCSELaser 2 mm MEMS Human Rhinovirus IBM Quantum Corral Iron Atoms on Copper NANO 400x Magnification 5 nanometers Requires New Clean Room Facilities

24. A New Generation of Computational Science Applications Are Needed • Three Interacting Systems in Semiconductor Laser Diodes • Carrier Transport (Shockley Eqns.) • Electromagnetic Modes (Maxwell Eqns.) • Quantum Mechanical Energy States (Schroedinger Eqns.) • Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers • Optical Cavity Formed in Vertical Direction • Light Taken From Top of Device (Surface Emission) • Mirrors Formed by Stacks of Dielectric Layers Hess, Grupen, Oyafuso, Klein, & Register National Center for Computational Electronics

25. Nanolithography Has Been Possible for Over a Decade BI / NCSA Remote Scanning Tunneling Microscope Source: Lyding, Brady

26. Nanotechnology Will be Essential for Photonics VCSEL + Near-field polarizer : Efficient polarization control,mode stabilization, and heat management Near-field coupling between pixels in Form-birefringent CGH (FBCGH) 1.0 TE FBCGH possesses dual-functionality such as focusing and beam steering TM 0.8 0.6 Reflectivity 0.4 0.2 0.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 Wavelength ( m m) Micro polarizer 1.0 VCSEL FBCGH Information I/O through surface wave, guided wave,and optical fiber from near-field edge and surface coupling 0.8 TM 0th order efficiency 0.6 Grating coupler Near-field coupling 0.4 Near-field E-O coupler RCWA Fiber tip Transparency Theory 0.2 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 +V -V 1.0 m Thickness ( m) 0.8 Near-field E-O Modulator + micro-cavity 0.6 TM Efficiency 0.4 Near-field E-O modulator controls optical properties and near-field micro-cavity enhances the effect 0.2 0.0 20 30 40 Angle (degree) Composite nonlinear, E-O, and artificial dielectric materials control and enhance near-field coupling Source: Shaya Fainman, UCSD

27. Building a Quantum Network Will Require Three Important Advances ITO QUIST DSO MTO • The development of a robust means of creating, storing and entangling quantum bits and using them for transmission, synchronization and teleportation • The development of the mathematical underpinnings and algorithms necessary to implement quantum protocols • The development of a repeater for long distance transmission with the minimum number of quantum gates consistent with error free transmission DARPA

28. Theory of Ultrafast Light Manipulation of Spin-Excitons in Nanodots for Quantum Computing • How to Build a Two-bit Quantum Computer • Interacting Spin-polarized Excitons • Quantum Bit of Information: Exciton • (Presence = 1; Absence = 0). • Set the Value of a Qubit • Logic Gate: Two-Exciton Conditional Dynamics • Simulation of a Quantum Computation Pochung Chen, C. Piermarocchi, and L.J. ShamUniversity of California, San DiegoSupported by NSF, Swiss NSF, and DARPA/ONR

29. Semiconductor Quantum Dots AlGaAs InAs lattice mismatch GaAs GaAs AlGaAs Strain-induced quantum dots (3 nm) Interface fluctuation quantum dots (30 nm) Source: Lu Sham, UCSD

30. Possible Multiple Qubit Quantum Computer 500 nm • SEM picture of posts fabricated at the Cornell Nanofabrication Facility • PI John Goodkind (UCSD Physics) & Roberto Panepucci of the CNF • Electrons Floating over Liquid He • One Electron per Gold Post NSF ITR PROGRAM CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY/ UCSD/MICHIGAN STATE

31. Quantum Image Processing? • Background: FFT speeds up Fourier transform from N2 to N log N operations • Idea: Apply QFT to speed up algorithms for feature extraction • Develop quantum versions of other localizable transforms, like wavelets. Quantum Fourier Transform uses the multiparticle tensor product structure of Hilbert space to improve to (log N )2, an exponential speedup. D. A. Meyer (UCSD/math)

32. Distributed Quantum Algorithms • Background: Feynman’s original motivation for considering quantum computation was efficient simulation of multi-particle quantum systems which are hard to simulate classically, in part because of entanglement. • Results: Quantum strategies can be superior to corresponding classical strategies. • Quantum lattice gas automata can efficiently simulate Dirac and Schroedinger equations • Q gate arrays can efficiently simulate topological quantum field theories M. H. Freedman, D. A. Meyer, N. R. Wallach (UCSD/math)