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Substances of Concern. Legal substances and process addictions"AlcoholNicotineFoodGamblingIllicit drugsMarijuanaStimulantsClub drugs"- ecstasy, GHB, ketamine, etc.HeroinPrescription drugsOpioidsSedativesStimulants- Ritalin, Adderal, etc.Performance enhancing substancesSteroidsOther
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1. Treatment of Substance Abuse Problems in SportPenelope P. Ziegler, M.D.Williamsburg Place and The William J. Farley CenterWilliamsburg, VA
2. Substances of Concern Legal substances and “process addictions”
Alcohol
Nicotine
Food
Gambling
Illicit drugs
Marijuana
Stimulants
“Club drugs”- ecstasy, GHB, ketamine, etc.
Heroin
Prescription drugs
Opioids
Sedatives
Stimulants- Ritalin, Adderal, etc.
Performance enhancing substances
Steroids
Other hormones and substances
Over-the-counter drugs
3. What Do They Have in Common? All stimulate the midbrain’s reward system by increasing dopamine levels
Repeated overstimulation of this pathway in vulnerable individuals leads to permanent brain alterations = addiction
Vulnerabilities:
Genetic
Acquired
4. Genetic Vulnerabilities Family history of addictive disorders
Alcoholism
Other drug addiction
Compulsive gambling
Eating disorders
Family history of bipolar disorder
5. Acquired Vulnerabilities Exposure to drugs in utero
Early onset of drug use
Certain psychiatric disorders
Bipolar disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
When untreated, greatly increases risk of developing addiction
Treatment reduces this risk
Post traumatic stress disorder
6. Levels of Sport Involved Secondary schools
College athletics
Professional sports
“Weekend warriors”
Unofficial team sporting leagues and activities
7. Impact of Substance Use Impaired academic function leading to ineligibility for sports participation
Impaired physical functioning leading to sports injuries
Impaired adherence and participation in rehab leading to delayed healing
Impaired function on re-entry into sport leading to re-injury
8. Hierarchy of Problems Curiosity and experimentation
Regular, non-problematic social use
Use in violation of rules of sport or law
Repeated use in situations which could cause danger to self or others (abuse)
Out of control use; inability to cut down or stop use; continued use despite adverse consequences; development of tolerance and/or withdrawal; impairment of social and occupational function due to use (addiction)
9. Development of Addiction In vulnerable individuals, once drug use starts, progressive changes in brain function and structure lead to changes in behavior.
Drug taking moves from experimentation to regular use to compulsive, out of control use.
Without help, the addicted person is unable to stop or control use despite increasingly severe negative consequences, and despite his/her efforts.
11. Primary Treatment (Prevention) Studies show that most drug prevention efforts have been woefully ineffective
Exception is focusing on impact of substance use on participation and performance in sport
At elementary school level, using coaches and sport stars to educate kids about risks of substance use
At secondary and collegiate level, using sports pros in recovery sharing their stories
Using sports psychologists and athletic trainers to identify risks and train athletes in coping skills needed
12. Secondary Treatment(Early Intervention) Working with athletes who are experimenting with or abusing drugs and/or performance-enhancing substances but not yet addicted
Using specialized approaches
Intensive education
Identification of specific risk factors
Peer group therapy
Attendance at open 12-Step meetings
Meeting young recovering athletes
13. Tertiary Treatment(Addiction Treatment) Intensive treatment at level of care appropriate for individual’s illness
Treatment providers (physicians, counselors, rehab centers) needs to work with sports system
Coach
Athletic trainer
Student assistance program, player assistance program that oversees athlete’s recovery
Family
14. Case #1 19 year old single African American sophomore female on basketball scholarship to large midwestern university
At risk of ineligibility due to non-attendance at classes and practice
Minor ankle sprain leads to a routine, schedule appointment at sports medicine outpatient clinic
She arrived for appointment with alcohol on her breath.
15. Red Flags Change in behavior and performance
Non-attendance at classes
Non-attendance at practice
Alcohol on breath at a scheduled clinic appointment
16. Case #1 (continued) Evaluation showed alcohol abuse and history of anxiety and sleep disturbance since date rape freshman year
Referred for
Early alcohol intervention program
Individual sexual trauma counseling
Coaching on resistance to peer pressure
Continued on team with understanding that further missed practices or alcohol use would result in suspension and referral to higher level of care
17. Case #2 20 year old white male junior running back at Ivy League college had car wreck following a game; BAC was 0.18 in E.R. Urine drug screen positive for cocaine and methylphenydate (Ritalin).
Sustained a fractured wrist and dislocated shoulder in wreck.
Seen for consultation in hospital by addiction specialist; diagnosis: middle stage addiction to alcohol and stimulants.
18. Special Issue: Prescription Stimulants High school and college athletes use prescription stimulants for 3 reasons
Performance enhancement
Study aids
Euphoria, especially when “snorted”
These drugs are readily available
From peers
From family doctor
From student health center
19. Case #2 (continued) Referred to a residential treatment program for addiction that was able to incorporated intensive physical rehab program.
Assisted in connecting with a sponsor who was a recovering pro NFL player.
Able to return to school in spring semester and return to team for fall season with ongoing outpatient treatment, support and monitoring program.
Decided on career in counseling rather than pro ball.
20. Case #3 40 year old, married Latino business owner admitted to an addiction rehab center for treatment of alcohol and opioid addiction.
In college, had been a “star” varsity soccer player until sustaining a knee injury; rehab had been complicated by his drinking and unrecognized abuse of prescribed pain medication.
Never returned to the soccer team; now has chronic pain in knee; still taking opioids daily, and alcohol use has escalated out of control.
Chronic, low-level depression related to sedentary life style, obesity and self-hatred.
21. Missed Opportunities Signs of problems following college injury
Drinking escalated following injury, drinking alone, drinking to self-medicate
Abuse of pain meds
Missing PT appointments, not showing interest in or motivation for rehab
Ways to intervene
Expressions of concern or caring
Arranging for visit by counselor or specialist
Don’t diagnose or judge; suggest assessment, help
Who can intervene
Sports medicine doctors
Physical therapists and trainers
Coaches
Peers
22. Case #3 During treatment, detoxified from alcohol and opioids and started on a pain management protocol, including PT and acupuncture.
Physical rehab and exercise improved physical conditioning, leading to weight loss and improved self esteem.
Began playing golf and swimming with peers while in treatment.
Now coaching son’s soccer team and walking 5 miles daily; recently started long distance swimming competitions.