The Civil War (1861-1865) Through Maps, Charts, Graphs & Pictures

1. TheCivil War(1861-1865)ThroughMaps, Charts,Graphs &Pictures

2. North vs. South in 1861

3. Rating the North & the South

4. King Cotton • Southern cotton traded to European nations • Responsible for 75% of GB’s raw cotton • Southerners gambled that the British would intervene • Why did “King Cotton” fail? • British factories had a surplus • Cotton imported from Egypt and India • Emancipation Proclamation = war to free slaves

5. Slave/Free States Population, 1861

6. Railroad Lines, 1860

7. Resources: North & the South

8. The Union & Confederacy in 1861

9. Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

10. Ohio Military Service

11. Soldiers’ Occupations: North/South Combined

12. Immigrantsas a %of a State’sPopulationin1860

13. Secession • 7 states in the deep South seceded • TX, LA, MS, AL, GA, FL, SC • Lincoln was morally opposed to slavery and did not support its expansion but vowed to not interfere in places where it was legal • Affirmed American sovereignty over all lands even those that seceded = leads to conflict

14. Fort Sumter : April 12, 1861 • Federal fort in SC, low on supplies • Lincoln informed SC’s Gov he was sending food and supplies in an unarmed ship • Confederates attack ship, American commander surrenders, none injured but shows escalation to violence = WAR • Lincoln requests 75,000 to suppress rebellion • 4 more states vote for secession: VA, NC, TN, AR

15. Responses to Secession • Some in VA opposed • People from western counties chose a new governor and applied for statehood in the Union • Strong debate in TN; eventually join Confederacy

16. The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens • Constitution: States’ rights and protection of slavery in new territories • Capital: Richmond, VA

17. The Confederate “White House”

18. The Confederate Seal MOTTO  “With God As Our Vindicator”

19. A Northern View of Jeff Davis

20. Border States • Border states: slave states that remained loyal to the Union • DE, MD, KY, WV (admitted as a state in 1863), and MO • Unrest in Baltimore  Lincoln responds by occupying Baltimore and suspending writ of habeas corpus • Confederates could be jailed indefinitely without charges

21. Overviewofthe North’sCivil WarStrategy: “Anaconda”Plan

22. The “Anaconda” Plan • Created by Winfield Scott • Strategy to blockade Southern ports • Capture Mississippi River • Lincoln doesn’t have manpower to capture and control MS River

23. Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Joseph Hooker Ulysses S. Grant Irwin McDowell George McClellan George Meade Ambrose Burnside George McClellan,Again!

24. McClellan: I Can Do It All! Organized troops; popular with troops; very cautious McClellan takes command after Winfield Scott retires; Lincoln concerned about fulfilling roles of army commander and general in chief

25. The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee

26. Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas)July, 1861

27. Bull Run/Manassas • Union forces (McDowell) vs. Confederate forces (Beauregard) • Union forces initially successful • Confederate reinforcements arrived and routed Union troops • Important to both sides • Union determined to not be humiliated again • Confederates confident victory will be quick and easy

28. The Battle of the Ironclads,March, 1862 The Monitor vs.the Merrimac

29. Battle of the Ironclads • Confederacy’s attempt to break Union blockade which cut off Norfolk and Richmond from international trade

30. Battle of the Ironclads • Merrimac (Confed.) – slow, clumsy and often had engine troubles but larger and had more guns • Monitor (Union) – faster and easier to maneuver • No serious damage in first 4 hours of fighting but battle prevented McClellan from using James River to capture Richmond • Monitor prevented Confederates from breaking blockage

31. Damage on the Deck of the Monitor • No clear victory for either side

32. Naval Impact • Battle received international attention • British and French navies stopped production of wooden hulled ships • Confederacy sinks ship to prevent Union control • Union ship sank while being towed off the coast of NC

33. War in the East: 1861-1862

34. Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” September 17, 1862 23,000 casualties

35. Antietam • Culmination of the Maryland Campaign • First invasion of the N by Confeds. • Lee hoped to acquire crops ready for harvest in MD and recognition from GB for defeating Union troops on N soil • McClellan’s plan: to “attack the enemy’s left,” and when “matters looked favorably,” attack the Confederate right, and “whenever either of those flank movements should be successful to advance our center.” • Neither flank of the Confederate army collapsed far enough for McClellan to advance his center attack, leaving a sizable Union force that never entered the battle. • Sept. 18: Lee’s army withdrew back across the Potomac to Virginia, ending Lee’s first invasion into the North. • Lee’s retreat to Virginia provided President Lincoln the opportunity he had been waiting for to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation. Now the war had a dual purpose of preserving the Union and ending slavery.

36. Emancipation in 1863

37. Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln morally opposed to slavery but also not supportive of abolition  believed it would die out on its own • Drafted EP and waited for Union victory to announce • Freed slaves residing in states in rebellion against Union • Did not free slaves in states loyal to the Union

38. EP • Effective 1/1/1863 • Secured support of Border States  pressured them closer to emancipation • No force of law  no authority in states of Confederacy • Transformed Union war aims  fighting to free slaves not preserve Union

39. TheEmancipationProclamation

40. The Southern View of Emancipation

41. Hired Soldiers • Early on many men volunteered for service – waves of patriotism • By late 1862 and 1863 both sides seeking additional men • Confederacy had exemptions in place for owners of large plantations • “Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” • Enrollment Act • Commutation ($300, only good for first draft) or substitution (for entire war)

42. Buy Your Way Out of Military Service More popular in the North  immigrants and free blacks eager to prove themselves serving as substitutes (those denied access through regular channels)

43. The North Initiates the Draft, 1863

44. Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC

45. Draft Riots: July 1863 • NYC • Working class white men rioted and targeted: • Well-dressed white men, African Americans and supporters of war • Several injured; at least 6 blacks lynched

46. A “Pogrom” Against Blacks

47. NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

48. NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

49. Confederate Draft • Similar to North’s Enrollment Act • Twenty Negro Law: • Provided exemption for owners of 20+ slaves • By 1863 those exempt also had to pay $500 • Created resentment amongst the poor

50. Soldiers • Union • Camp life boring; diseases rampant; bad water • Food: beans, salted pork, pickled beef, hard tack • Confederacy • Food: bacon and corn meal • Short on supplies  food, blankets, shoes