Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

2. Anatomy vs. Physiology • Anatomy- studies the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another (seen, felt, examined) • Physiology- concerns the function of the body’s structural machinery (how parts work and carry out life sustaining activities)

3. Regional- One region studied in detail • Systemic- Study system by system • Surface- How organs relate to the skin • Gross Anatomy- study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

4. Microscopic Anatomy- parts of the body too small to see with the naked eye (EX: thin slices of tissue) • Cytology- study of cells • Histology- study of tissue Developmental anatomy- changes that occur throughout life Embryology- changes that occur before birth (look at birth defects)

5. Tools to Study anatomy • Observation • Manipulation • Palpation • (feeling organ with hands) • Auscultation- • (listening to the organ sounds)

6. Working Together • * What a structure can do depends on its specific form – Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function

7. Levels of Structural Organization

8. Organ Systems • 1. Cardiovascular • 2. Integumentary • 3. Skeletal • 4. Muscular • 5. Nervous • 6. Endocrine

9. Organ Systems (Cont.) • 7. Respiratory • 8. Digestive • 9. Lymphatic • 10. Urinary • 11. Reproductive

10. Maintaining Life • No organ system works in isolation they work cooperatively to promote well-being of entire body.

11. 1. Boundaries • Single Celled Organisms- outer membrane to hold in all contents and restrict foreign objects from entering • ** All Cells of our body are surrounded by a selectively permeable membrane

12. Boundaries (Cont) • Whole body protected by Integumentary System or Skin • Protection From: ? • Drying out • Bacteria • Heat • Sun • Chemicals in the Environment

13. 2. Movement • Muscular System allows for the movements we make while the skeletal system provides the framework for muscles to pull on and create work • Also have movement of items through internal organs such as food, blood, urine by contracting or shortening of muscle cells

14. 3. Responsiveness • Nervous System – sends electric pulses to stimuli from the environment

15. 4. Digestion • Break food into simple molecules that can be absorbed by blood • Transported through the body cells by the cardiovascular system

16. 5. Metabolism • All Chemical Reactions that occur within the body cells Systems Working Together: Metabolism depends on Digestive & Respiratory Systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and Cardiovascular to distribute through the body- regulated largely by hormones secreted by the Endocrine System

17. 6. Excretion • Removing Waste from the body • Digestive System- rids indigestible food • Urinary- rids of nitrogen containing waste- urine • Respiratory- rid of Carbon Dioxide

18. 7. Reproduction • Can be cellular or organismal level • Cellular- original cell divides into daughter cells • Organismal- sperm unites with egg to form an embryo • Reproductive responsible for offspring • but function regulated by Hormones of Endocrine System

19. 8. Growth • Increase in size of body part or organism • Can have increase in the number of cells or increase in the individual cell size • Constructive activities must occur faster than destructive activities to have growth

20. SURVIVAL NEEDS • Body Systems goal is to maintain life but there are other factors that must be present to do so Including: Nutrients Oxygen Water Appropriate Temperature Atmospheric Pressure

21. 1. Nutrients • Energy/ Cell Building • Carbohydrates- major fuel for cells • Proteins- essential for building cell structures • Fats- cushion body organs, insulate, and provide energy- rich fuel reserve • Select Minerals and Vitamins- chemical reactions that go on in cells for oxygen transport

22. 2. Oxygen • Human cells can only survive a few minutes without oxygen • Approximately 20 % of air we breathe is oxygen

23. 3. Water • 60 to 80 % of body weight • Single most abundant chemical substance in the body • Provides a base for chemical reactions and body secretions and excretions • Obtain mostly from foods we eat • Lost by evaporation from lungs, skin, and body excretions

24. 4. Normal Body Temperature • Muscular System produces most body heat • As temperature drops below 98 F metabolic reactions become slower until they eventually stop • If temperature is too high chemical reactions occur at a frantic pace and cause proteins to lose their shape and stop functioning

25. 5. Atmospheric Pressure • Force air exerts on surface of the body • Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depends on appropriate atmospheric pressure • High altitudes cause atmospheric pressure to be lower and the air to be thin- gas exchange may be inadequate for cellular metabolism

26. BALANCE IS IMPORTANT • It is very important to have each of the needs in the appropriate amount • Too much oxygen- toxic to body • Too much/ little food- obesity/ starvation

27. Homeostasis • The body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously • * Communication Is KEY- Nervous and Endocrine systems very important for this state of balance

28. Negative Feedback • System shuts off original stimulus or reduces it • Change in direction • Controls the everyday (moment to moment changes in Homeostasis of body) • “ Like your Thermostat at Home” • Your thermostat is known as the hypothalamus located in your brain

29. Positive Feedback • Enhances original stimulus • Proceeds in the same direction • Usually control infrequent events such as blood clotting, or enhancing labor contractions during child birth

30. Homeostatic Imbalance • Diseases • As we age body is less efficient at fighting illness • Could also come from negative feedback mechanisms being overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms taking over- • Example= HEART FAILURE

31. Language of Anatomy • Anatomical Position- standing straight, feet slightly apart, palms facing forwards • “standing at attention” • “right” and “left” on the person not from observers viewpoint

32. Regional Terms • Axial- main axis (head, neck, trunk) • Appendicular- appendages or limbs

33. Body Planes • Sagittal- Vertical/ divided into left and right • Frontal- Vertical/ Anterior and Posterior • Transverse- Horizontal/ Superior and Inferior “Cross Section”

34. Organ Systems • Do you remember how many organ systems there were? 11 Organ Systems

35. Integumentary System • Function: • Protects deeper tissue from injury • Pain/ Pressure receptors • Sweat/ Oil Glands • Major Organs • Hair • Skin • Nails

36. Skeletal System • Function: • Protects and Supports body organs • Framework for muscles to Pull on • Stores Minerals • Major Organs • Bones • Joints

37. Muscular System • Function: • Allows manipulation of environment • Locomotion, facial expressions, maintain posture • Produce Heat • Major Organs • Muscles

38. Nervous System • Function: • Control System • Responds by activating appropriate muscles and glands • Major Organs • Brain • Nerves • Spinal Cord

39. Endocrine System • Function: • Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use • Major Organs • Thyroid gland • Thymus • Pancreas • ovary • Testis • Adrenal Gland • Pineal Gland • Pituitary Gland

40. Cardiovascular System • Function: • Blood Vessels transport blood • Carries oxygen, Carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes • Heart pumps the blood • Major Organs • Blood Vessels • Heart

41. Lymphatic (Immune) • Function: • Picks up fluid leaked from the blood vessels and returns it to the blood • Houses White Blood Cells that are involved in immunity (fighting diseases and sickness) • Major Organs • Red Bone Marrow • Thymus • Lymphatic Vessels • Spleen • Thoracic duct • Lymph Nodes

42. Urinary System • Function: • Eliminates nitrogenous waste • Regulates Water • Electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood • Major Organs • Kidney • Ureter • Urinary Bladder • Urethra

43. Respiratory System • Function: • Keeps the blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide • Gas exchange for the lungs • Major Organs • Nasal Cavity • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Lung • Bronchus

44. Digestive System • Function: • Breaks down food into absorbable units • Indigestible food is eliminated out of body • Major Organs • Oral Cavity • Esophagus • Liver • Stomach • Small Intestine • Rectum • Anus • Large Intestine

45. Reproductive System • Function: • Production of Offspring • Testes- Produce sperm and male sex hormones • Ovaries- produce eggs and female sex hormones

46. Major Organs – MALE • Prostate Gland • Penis • Testes • Scrotum • Ductus deferens

47. Major Organ- Female • Mammary Glands • Ovary • Uterus • Vagina • Uterine tube

48. Dorsal Body Cavity • Protects the fragile nervous system organs • There are 2 subdivisions • Cranial- encases the brain • Vertebral- encloses the spinal cord

49. Ventral Body Cavity • More anterior and larger body cavity • Also has 2 subdivisions • Thoracic- (superior) surrounded by ribs and muscles • Abdominopelvic- (inferior)

50. Thoracic • Pleural Cavity- each houses a lung • Mediastinum- contains the pericardial cavity – encloses the heart • and surrounds the thoracic organs such as esophagus, trachea, and others