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The Grapes of Wrath: A Case Study on Post Weaning Multi-systemic Wasting Syndrome

The Grapes of Wrath: A Case Study on Post Weaning Multi-systemic Wasting Syndrome. Jennifer Richter, Laura Talaga, Courtney Low, Vi Nguyen , Morgan Tannenbaum, Erin Burton. Signs of a Healthy Piglet. Active & alert, with bright eyes and curious. Body temperature of 102.5° F Sleek haircoat

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The Grapes of Wrath: A Case Study on Post Weaning Multi-systemic Wasting Syndrome

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  1. The Grapes of Wrath:A Case Study on Post Weaning Multi-systemic Wasting Syndrome Jennifer Richter, Laura Talaga, Courtney Low, Vi Nguyen , Morgan Tannenbaum, Erin Burton

  2. Signs of a Healthy Piglet • Active & alert, with bright eyes and curious. • Body temperature of 102.5° F • Sleek haircoat • Tightly curled tails • Clean and dry • Strong appetite & weight gain

  3. Healthy Piglet Weaning • Average Wean Age: 20-22 days • Average Wean Weight: 13-14 lbs • Growth during 1st week post weaning: • Pigs that grow 0.5 lb per day the 1st week of weaning were 17 lbs heavier at market

  4. Feeding Post Weaning Piglets • First 7 days post weaning: critical period • Important to remember extreme nutritional changes occur at weaning! • Creep feeding recommended • Stimulates pig to eat (appetite) & helps find feed • Scatter 1lb feed per 30 heads on mat 4-6x daily • Gruel Feeding • Pigs having trouble starting on dry feed (water + commercial feed)

  5. Managing Healthy Post Weaning Piglets • Water intake is critical • 1 nipple for 10 pigs or 1 bowl/trough per 20 pigs • Height of nipple: shoulder height of smallest piglet • Zone Heating • provides 82 0 F • Pigs lay 1 ½ “deep” = lie touching each other w/ heads on neighbors flank

  6. Identifying SICK piglets: careful observation is the key Signs to look for: • Rough hair coat or fuzzy appearance • Sucked in flanks. Obvious empty belly. • Depressed or lethargic. Head down or droopy. Ears laid back. Laying along the gate. • Not active or competing. Feed refusal. • Lameness. Piling. • Temperature > 102°F (38.8°C)

  7. Sucked in flanks and stomach is a good indication the pig has not been eating.

  8. Some pigs have rough hair coats which is typical 3-6 days post wean but bellies are round indicating that pigs are on feed and doing well.

  9. Our Case • Homer Zuckerman’s Famous Pig Farm • Reports in the last 2 months: • 14 emaciated • 6 dead • Age range: 3-6 months old

  10. Clinical Signs • Wasting • Enlarged lymph nodes (inguinal) • Ill thrift • Rough hair coat • Pale skin • Dyspnea • Icterus • Diarrhea

  11. DDx • PMWS Post Weaning Multi-systemic Wasting Syndrome • PRRS Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome • Swine Influenza • Mycoplasma • Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)

  12. PMWS and related PCVAD’s • PMWS aka Severe Systemic Porcine Circovirus 2 infection • One of many PCV2 associated diseases • PCVADS Granulomatous enteritis Reproductive failure Porcine respiratory disease complex Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy

  13. PMWS Effects Pregnant sows in 1st or 2nd trimester Post weaning piglets 4-14 weeks

  14. Transmission • Direct: feces, respiratory secretions, urine. • Fecal-oral or oro-nasal route. • Hematogenous dissemination • Ubiquitous in swine herds worldwide: • Natural protection; early antigen exposure • Most infections subclinical • only 10-30% clinical • Maternal antibody protection • to piglets from exposed sows

  15. Clinical Signs Weight loss/muscle wasting,dyspnea, enlarged lymph nodes, jaundice, pallor and ill thrift

  16. Sows:Abortion or fetal resorption, SMEDI

  17. PMWS: complex and multi-factorial Dz • Pathogenesis and cellular tropisms remain unknown • Replication in monocytic cell lines = granulomatous lesions ??? • PCV2 is necessary, but co-factors are more significant in development of PMWS.

  18. COFACTORS 1. Co-infections • + PPV • + PRRS • + Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 2. Management Factors: Co-mingling, diet change, pathogen exposure and separation of piglets from sows • Challenge and suppress pig’s immune system 3. Immunostimulation (?): • Concurrent vax + PVC2 exposure = enhanced severity of clinical disease

  19. Gross pathologic findings of PMWS Kidney and liver: variable; diffusely scattered white foci

  20. Gross pathologic findings of PMWS Lung- non-collapsable and palpably firm

  21. Gross pathologic findings of PMWS Lymph node- enlarged; granulomatous infiltrates

  22. Histopathologic findings of PMWS Lungs: interstitial pneumonia with lymphohistiocytic infiltrate Lymph node: multinucleated giant cells, histiocytic infiltrates; lymphoid cell depletion

  23. Histopathologic findings of PMWS “The Grapes of Wrath”- characteristic botryoid inclusion bodies in lymph nodes, tonsils and Peyer’s patches

  24. Diagnosis of PMWS • 1) Clinical signs in weaned pigs • wasting and dyspnea. • 2) Gross- or histo- pathological findings • interstitial pneumonia • granulomatous lesions, • botryoid inclusion bodies • lympho-histiocytic infiltrates • 3) Demonstration of the presence of PCV2 in the lesions • Immunohistochemistry • In-situ hybridization

  25. Control of PMWS • Good management practices • Semen from insemination centers vs. on-farm • Control of co-infections • PRRS • Parvo • PCV2 vaccines

  26. Vaccines • IntervetCircumvent™ PCV (US and Canada) • Healthy pigs 3 weeks and older • 2 IM injections 3 weeks apart • Fort Dodge Suvaxyn PCV2® One Dose (US) • PCV1-2 Chimera • Healthy pigs 4 weeks and older • 1 single dose IM • BoehringerIngleheimIngelvac® CircoFLEX™ (US and Canada) • Healthy pigs 3 weeks and older • 1 singe dose IM • MerialCircovac® (Europe and Canada) • Primary Vaccination • 2 injections 3-4 weeks apart at least 2 weeks before mating • Revaccination • 1 injection at each gestation at least 2-4 weeks before farrowing • Healthy female breeding age pigs

  27. Benefits of vaccination • Reduced mortality rate and morbidity • Decreased mortality before weaning after vaccination of sows • Decreased mortality in fourth month of life after vaccination of piglets • Reduced PCV2 viremia and viral load • Reduction in clinical signs and co-infections associated with PMWS • Improved productivity • Greater average daily weight gain • Greater carcass weight at slaughter

  28. Herd Management • The basic principle of herd management with pigs is to Reduce STRESS! • Handle with care, gentleness and patience • Check herd daily on a strict schedule • Walk though pens once a day • ID sick pigs right away and move them to a separate pen

  29. Herd Management Options • All In/ All Out • Continuous Flow

  30. All In/ All Out • Pigs of the same size or age are housed together in order to decrease the opportunity for diseases to spread

  31. AI/ AO Advantages Disadvantages • Disease spread is easier to contain • Pigs are less stressed when the remain within familiar social groups • Cleaning & disinfecting achievable between groups • Must have adequate space • Space is less efficiently allocated

  32. Continuous Flow • Animals are added to the group as the are old enough or large enough • These animal may be in different stages of development

  33. Continuous Flow Advantages Disadvantages • Space is used efficiently • Pigs of various immunocompetence are placed together • Frequent social group changes • Cleaning & Disinfecting between groups is not feasible

  34. Special thanks to: Dr Gyimah Dr Castillo Dr Wallace

  35. References • Early Pig Care Manual. PIC. Hendersonville, TN. 2009 • Harding JCS, Clark EG. Recognizing and diagnosing PostweaningMultisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS). Swine health and production. Vol. 5, number 5. • http://www.ipic.iastate.edu/publications/720.RaisingHealthyPigs.pdf • http://www.grobernutrition.com/piglet/porlet/ • http://www.goats4h.com/Pigs.html • http://cal.vet.upenn.edu. Swine Production. 15 March, 2011. • http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/swine/fac/general/health.html • “Chapter 1: Management practices and animal husbandry.” Swine Care Handbook. 2002. 15 March 2011. • http://www.antwifarms.com/docs/swinecarehandbook.pdf • http://www.vin.com/members/cms/document/default.aspx?objecttypeid=2&template=articleview&redirect=1&objectid=1665126 • http://www.vin.com/members/cms/document/default.aspx?objecttypeid=2&template=articleview&redirect=1&objectid=1733985 • http://vetmed.iastate.edu/research/labs/pcv2/control-pcv2-associated-disease

  36. References • http://www.thepigsite.com/pigjournal/articles/1630/porcine-multisystemic-wasting-syndrome-pmws-a-review • Krokowka S, Ellis JA, Meehan B, Kennedy S, McNeilly and Allan G. Viral Wasting Syndrome of Swine: Experimental Reproduction of PMWS in Gnotobiotic Swine by Coinfection with PCV2 and PPV. SAGE Journals online. • http: //vet.sagepub.com/content/37/3/245.full • "ScienceDirect - Preventive Veterinary Medicine : Risk factors for porcine post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in 149 French farrow-to-finish herds." ScienceDirect - Home . N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2011. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TBK-49M6RNP-2&_user=4442476&_coverDate= • http://www.aasp.org/shap/issues/v5n5/index.html • Tucker AW. Porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS): a review. The Pig Journal. April 2006.

  37. Questions?

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