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Endocrine System

Endocrine System. Medical Terminology Chapter 17. Function.

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Endocrine System

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  1. Endocrine System Medical Terminology Chapter 17 Medical Terminology

  2. Function • The endocrine system cooperates with the nervous system to regulate body activities. This is accomplished by endocrine hormones that affect various processes throughout the body, such as growth, metabolism, and secretions from other organs. Medical Terminology

  3. Anatomy and Physiology • The endocrine and nervous systems work together to maintain homeostasis • Homeostasis is a relative constancy in the internal environment of the body • Nervous system communicates with the endocrine system through nerve impulses. Medical Terminology

  4. Anatomy and Physiology • Endo – inside • Crine – to secrete • Endocrine System composed of : • Many glands scattered throughout the body • Glands secrete hormones (chemicals) into the blood stream Medical Terminology

  5. Anatomy and Physiology • A gland is an organ that has specialized cells that secrete or excrete substances that are not related to the gland’s ordinary metabolism • Endocrine • Secrete hormones into the bloodstream • Exocrine • Have ducts that enable them to empty secretions onto an internal body surface (sweat gland) Medical Terminology

  6. Anatomy and Physiology • Dysfunction in hormone production • Hypersecretion • Excess secretion • Hyposecretion • Deficiency in secretion • Target organ Medical Terminology

  7. Anatomy and Physiology • Hormones • Proteins • Steroids • Sex hormones • Those secreted by the adrenal cortex Medical Terminology

  8. Anatomy and Physiology • Location of endocrine glands • Pituitary gland (Hypophysis) • Base of the brain • Adrenal gland • Above the two kidneys (suprarenal) • Ovaries and testes • Pelvic region Medical Terminology

  9. Anatomy and Physiology • Location of endocrine glands (cont.) • Pineal gland (shaped like a pine cone) • Posterior part of the brain • Thyroid • Front of the neck • Parathyroid • Embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland • Pancreas (Islet of Langerhans) • ULQ abdomen Medical Terminology

  10. Anatomy and PhysiologyKey Word Parts • Aden(o) • Gland • Adren(o), adrenal(o) • Adrenal gland • Gonad(o) • Gonad • Mamm(o), mast(o) • Breast Medical Terminology

  11. Anatomy and PhysiologyKey Word Parts • Pancreat(o) • Pancreas • Parathyriod(o) • Parathyroid glands • Pituitar(o) • Pituitary gland • Thyr(o), thyroid(o) • Thyroid gland Medical Terminology

  12. Anatomy and PhysiologyKey Word Parts • Andr(o) • Male or masculine • Calc(i) • Calcium • Gigant(o) • Large • Gluc(o) • Glucose Medical Terminology

  13. Anatomy and PhysiologyKey Word Parts • Glyc(o), glycos(o) • Sugar • Insulin(o) • Insulin • Iod(o) • Iodine • Ket(o) • Ketone • Lact(o) • Milk • Trop(o) • To stimulate Medical Terminology

  14. Anatomy and PhysiologyKey Word Parts • -crine • Secrete • -dipsia • Thirst • -physis • Growth • -tropic • Stimulating • -tropin • That which stimulates Medical Terminology

  15. Anatomy and Physiology • Pituitary • Supplies numerous hormones that act directly on cells or stimulates other glands that govern many vital processes. • Hypophysis cerebri (under the cerebrum) • Some hormones released in response to the nervous system • Many endocrine glands respond to hormones secreted by the pituitary gland • The Master Gland Medical Terminology

  16. Anatomy and Physiology • Posterior pituitary • Neurohypophysis • Hormones stored in axon endings and are released when a nerve impulse travels down the axon • Anterior pituitary • Adenohypophysis • Release of hormones is controlled by regulating hormones produced by the hypothalamus Medical Terminology

  17. Anatomy and Physiology • Posterior pituitary hormones • Kidneys • Breasts • Uterus • Anterior pituitary hormones • Many hormones, several of which act on other endocrine glands causing them to secrete hormones Medical Terminology

  18. Anatomy and Physiology • Hypothalamus (Neurohypophysis) • Plays an important role in hormonal regulation • Antidiuretic hormone • Oxytocin • Synthesized in the hypothalamus • Transported to the neurohypophysis for storage • Released through nervous stimulation Medical Terminology

  19. Anatomy and Physiology • Antidiuretic hormone • Affects the volume of urine secreted • Acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water from the urine, producing concentrated urine • Absence of this hormone results in passage of large amounts of dilute urine • Tea, coffee, and water act as diuretics • Diuretics prescribed for people with edema Medical Terminology

  20. Anatomy and Physiology • Oxytocin • Released in large quantities just before a female gives birth • Causes uterine contractions • Acts on mammary glands to stimulate the release of milk Medical Terminology

  21. Anatomy and Physiology • Adenohypophysis • Regulated by the hypothalamus which produces regulatory and inhibitory hormones which stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones • Hormones travel through the bloodstream and bring about changes in other organs, often another endocrine gland Medical Terminology

  22. Anatomy and Physiology • Growth hormone (GH), Somatotropin (STH) • Stimulates body growth • Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) • Promotes pigmentation and controls the amount of melanin produced • Lactogenic Hormone (LTH), prolactin • Causes milk production by the mammary glands Medical Terminology

  23. Anatomy and Physiology • Gonadotropic hormones • Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) • Lutenizing hormone (LH) • Stimulate the ovaries and testes Medical Terminology

  24. Anatomy and Physiology • Adrenal gland – medulla • Receives direct nervous stimulation • Adrenal gland – cortex • Stimulated by the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) brought by the circulating blood • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin • Causes the glandular cells of the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones Medical Terminology

  25. Anatomy and Physiology • Thyroid • Regulates body metabolism, normal growth and development, and the storage of calcium in bone tissue • Thyroxine, T4 • Triiodothyronine, T3 • Synthesized by the thyroid using iodine • Thyrocalcitonin (TCT), calcitonin • Homeostasis of the blood calcium level Medical Terminology

  26. Anatomy and Physiology • Mammary glands • Milk producing glands of the breast • Each breast contains 15 to 20 lobes of glandular tissue that surround the nipple • Lactogenesis • Production of milk • Lactation • Secretion or ejecting of milk Medical Terminology

  27. Anatomy and Physiology • Tactile stimulation of the nipple • Impulses from the nipple go to the hypothalamus • Hypothalamus stimulates the release of oxytocin by the pituitary gland • Causes contractions that eject milk from the breast Medical Terminology

  28. Anatomy and Physiology • Gonadotropic • Stimulating the gonads • FSH • Stimulates the ovaries to secrete estrogen and acts on the follicle • Stimulates the production of sperm in the testes • LH • Stimulates ovulation and production of progesterone in the female ovary • promotes the growth of the interstitial cells of the testes and the secretion of testosterone Medical Terminology

  29. Anatomy and Physiology • Reproduction becomes possible during puberty • Onset is triggered by the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary • Male sex hormones, androgens (mostly testosterone) • Ovaries • Estrogen • Testes • Testosterone Medical Terminology

  30. Anatomy and Physiology • Adrenal glands • Outer cortex • Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) • Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone) • Androgens and estrogens • Inner medulla • Epinephrine • Norepinephrine Medical Terminology

  31. Anatomy and Physiology • Mineralocorticoids • Increases water retention by changing sodium and potassium reabsorption in the kidney tubules • Glucocorticoids • Increases blood glucose levels; inhibits inflammation and the immune response • Androgens and estrogens • Secreted in small amounts that the effect is generally masked by ovarian and testicular hormones Medical Terminology

  32. Anatomy and Physiology • Andr(o) • Male or masculine • Androgenic • Producing masculine characteristics • Masculine characteristics in females may become apparent after menopause Medical Terminology

  33. Anatomy and Physiology • Adrenal Medulla • Epinephrine (adrenaline) • Stimulates the heart • Norepinephrine • Blood vessel constrict • Together they prepare the body for strenuous activity • Fight or flight hormones Medical Terminology

  34. Anatomy and Physiology • Pineal gland • Exact functions have not been established • Evidence that it secretes melatonin • Diminishes around the age of 7 • Melatonin • Regulatory function in sexual development • Influence the sleepiness/wakefulness cycle and mood • Decrease in skin pigmentation Medical Terminology

  35. Anatomy and Physiology • Homeostasis • Direct nervous stimulation • Adrenal medulla • Secretion of hormones in response to other hormones • TSH from anterior pituitary causes the thyroid to secrete thyroid hormones • A negative feedback mechanism • Interaction between pancreatic hormones and the concentration of glucose in the blood Medical Terminology

  36. Anatomy and Physiology • Pancreas • Exocrine • Secretes digestive enzymes that are carried through a duct to the duodenum • Endocrine • Secretes hormones into the blood • Glucagon • Insulin Medical Terminology

  37. Anatomy and Physiology • Glucagon • Increase blood glucose levels • Secreted in response to a low concentration of glucose in the blood • Prevents hypoglycemia (less then normal amount of sugar in the blood • Insulin • Promotes the uptake and utilization of glucose for energy • Secreted in response to a high concentration of glucose in the blood Medical Terminology

  38. Anatomy and Physiology • Parathyroid • Secretes parathyroid hormone • Increases blood calcium levels • Antagonistic to calcitonin secreted by the thyroid gland Medical Terminology

  39. Anatomy and Physiology • Stomach • Gastrin • Pepsin • Small intestines • Stimulate the pancreas and gallbladder • Thymus • Thymosin • Heart • Atria produces atriopeptin • Placenta • HCG, estrogen, progesterone Medical Terminology

  40. Anatomy and Physiology • Prostaglandins • Localized, immediate, and short term effect on or near the cells where they are produced • Smooth muscle contractions • Involvement in blood clotting • Many aspects of pain and fever Medical Terminology

  41. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures • Palpation • Only thyroid and male gonads can be palpated • Assessed for: • Enlargement • Bulging • Difference in size • Checked for masses Medical Terminology

  42. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures • Physical indications of endocrine disorders • Unusually tall or short stature • Coarseness of facial features • Edema • Hair loss • Excessive facial hair in females Medical Terminology

  43. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures • Laboratory studies • Urine tests • Blood tests • Growth hormone • Gonadotropins (FSH and LH) • Other hormones Medical Terminology

  44. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures • MRI • Identify tumors involving the pituitary gland or hypothalamus • Thyroid function • TSH • Thyroxine • T3 • Radioactive iodine uptake • Thyroid scans Medical Terminology

  45. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures • Parathyroid • PTH • Calcium • Phosphate • ACTH • Computed Tomography (CT) • Tumors of adrenal gland Medical Terminology

  46. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures • Pancreatic function • Blood tests • Fasting blood sugar (FBS) • Glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1C • Oral glucose tolerance test • Urine tests • Sugar – glycosuria • Ketones – ketonuria Medical Terminology

  47. Diagnostic Tests and Procedures • Computed Tomography (CT) • To identify pancreatic tumors or cysts • Breasts • Self breast examination • Mammography • Mammogram Medical Terminology

  48. Pathologies • Adenopathy • Any disease of a gland • Pituitary dysfunction • Hyposecretion • Hypersecretion Medical Terminology

  49. Pathologies • Diabetes insipidus • Deficiency of ADH • Polyuria • Polydipsia • Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) • Usually develops in association with other diseases Medical Terminology

  50. Pathologies • Hypopituitarism • Decreased activity of the pituitary gland • Deficient in one or more pituitary hormones • Insufficient growth hormone in childhood • Dwarfism • Deficiency in somatotropin • Pituitary dwarfism Medical Terminology

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