Background Information: A Growing Divide

1. Background Information: A Growing Divide Northern and Southern states develop in very different ways over the centuries before and after the American Revolution NORTH: Many port cities (Boston, New York, Philadelphia). Industrial Revolution influenced Northern states the most. Economy based on foreign trade, commerce, shipbuilding. N embraces manufacturing (esp. textile mills). Farmers specialized in one or two crops/livestock, sold to urban markets, used cash to buy necessities from store. Items usually made in the North. Did not need much labor (wheat, corn), so less need for slave labor. Slavery was present though, as was racial prejudice. Allowed for MARKET ECONOMY. Ag. and manufacturing supported each other.

2. Background Information: A Growing Divide • SOUTH: Economy based almost solely on AGRICULTURE. Region began as rural society of self-sufficient plantations (single-crop for sale, not feed/food: tobacco, rice, indigo). • Used rivers instead of ports to ship goods to North and eventually on to Europe. Plantation owners produce what they need, so did not need shops, bakeries, markets. Used slave labor to meet high demands of labor. • Cotton became most profitable and dominant cash-crop in the South. Fueled by industrialized (need for cotton in textile mills). KING COTTON/COTTON KINGDOM • 1793: Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin (“gin”=engine). Removed seeds from fibers so processing was easier and faster. Cotton production was more profitable, causing planters to increase crops and need for slave labor.

3. The Emergence of Slavery • Slavery in existence since ancient times (Egypt, China, Greece, Rome, Inca, Aztec). Muslims in Middle East and N. Africa in business of capturing and trading people from Africa, C. Europe. Portuguese begin business of African slave trade. • Spanish and Portuguese bring enslaved W. Africans to C. America/Caribbean in early 1500s to replace Native Americans as forced slave labor. • First Africans in America= 20 Africans brought to Jamestown, VA by Dutch in 1619 . • Early slaves in N. America were treated more like indentured servants. Were seen as workers and not necessarily property. • Many worked alongside European laborers, were more expensive to bring in than white workers, and seen as morally/intellectually inferior. • By 1700s, slave trade between Europe, W. Africa, and America was booming (Triangular Trade).

4. Slavery in North America • Boston, New York, and Charlestown were important ports in the slave trade. • Estimated around 500,000 Africans were brought into North America by 1770. • Value and presence of enslaved Africans grew in VA and the southern colonies in mid-1600s. • White indentured servants wanted to be treated like Englishmen • Supply of indentured servants began to decline (some ran away, many found jobs in England working in industry, commerce, shipping) • Increase in life span= indentured servants survived to reach freedom! • Africans could not blend in to run away, couldn’t demand humane treatment, justice, or land. • Africans well suited for climate conditions and intense labor of crops in the deep south

5. Slavery in the South • With surge of cotton in south due to England’s insatiable need for cotton and the cotton gin, use of slave labor increased. • No more importing of slaves after 1808 • In South, not many whites owned slaves (400,000/9 mil.) • If did own slaves, most owned less than 20. 12% owned 20 or more (=a planter) and only 1% owned 50+. • 56% of all slaves worked on a plantation (20+). Means typical slaveholder only had handful of slaves, but typical slave lived on plantation of great size. • Slave codes (laws) put in place to control and maintain order over slaves. Were considered “chattel property-” property that can be moved- with zero rights. • As western areas of U.S. begin to open up, new cotton production began and higher need for slaves caused them to be very profitable.

6. The Union In Peril:Civil War and Reconstruction "...We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." -Abraham Lincoln- The Gettysburg address

7. Essential Questions Unit Essential Question How did the Civil War and the failure of Reconstruction change the course of our nation? Lesson Essential Questions CAUSES: What were the causes of the Civil War? Do you think that the conflict could have been avoided? How? MAJOR BATTLES: What were the strengths of both sides at the beginning of the Civil War? What battles were turning points in the war? What were the strategies for each side during the war? How did the Emancipation Proclamation affect the outcome of the War? What events led to the South’s surrender?

8. Lesson Essential Questions, continued. . . Effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction What Reconstruction plans were developed for the South after the war? How did the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments influence the rights of African Americans? How did the role of African Americans change throughout Reconstruction? Why did Reconstruction fail? How did Southern whites regain political power during Reconstruction?

9. Background Information- A Growing Divide Origins and development of slavery in the U.S. MO Compromise Why do we need slavery and why should slavery be spread? Industrial v. Agricultural economies Black stereotypes (view of blacks in N and S) New territories, states and issues that brought up

10. New territories apply to become states and enter the Union • Southern states want to gain more slave states • Northern states did not want slavery to spread. • Dec. 1849- Issues arise over future statehood of CA. The Divisive Politics of Slavery “I have, Senators, believed from the first that the agitation of the subject of slavery would, if not prevented by some timely and effective measure, end in disunion. . . The agitation has been permitted to proceed. . . Until it has reached a period when it can no longer be disguised or denied that the Union is in danger. You have thus had forced upon you the greatest and the gravest question that can ever come under your consideration: How can the Union be preserved?” - John C. Calhoun, The Compromise of 1850

11. Southerners assume CA will be slave state b/c CA had land below 36/30 line (=open to slavery in MO Compromise), but Northerners try to stop it. • Disputes cause several Southern states to threaten to secede

12. A Compromise is Made • Henry Clay negotiates between N & S and brings forward the Compromise of 1850. • North: California enters Union as a free state • South: a new Fugitive Slave Law was put in place. By law, anyone who found an alleged runaway slave had to capture/arrest him or be fined $1,000. If helped a runaway slave, could be jailed and fined. Reward for returned runaways. • Both: In territories of NM and UT, slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty (people of the land would vote for/against). • Role of Stephen Douglas

13. September, 1850- Compromise of 1850 became law. Crisis of slavery, secession “swept under the rug.”

14. Protest, Resistance, and Violence • Many in the North (abolitionists, partial supporters) surprised as harsh Fugitive Slave Law. • Vigilante groups formed to help get African-Americans north to Canada. • Harriet Beecher Stowe- wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852 • Anti-slavery novel; slavery was a political contest and moral struggle that could be overcome by Christian love; told of reality of slavery

15. Underground Railroad established as secret network between white abolitionists and runaway slaves. • If caught trying to escape, slaves could be shot, hung, whipped, or worse. • Travel was at night, through woods, water, little food, and with no sense of direction. The North Star and other natural signs guided slaves to freedom. • Slave patrols on horseback often caught runaways and returned to their owners.

16. The Underground Railroad A series of safe houses and shelter for runaway slaves. “Conductors” would take risk of helping hide runaway slaves, feed them and give them water, rest, clothing. Often helped runaways to next stop on the way to freedom.

17. Harriet Tubman • Slave in MD • B. 1820/1821. • Fear of being sold after her owner died  run away to Philadelphia, 1849. • Fugitive Slave Law  Tubman served as a conductor • Moses. • Estimated she made 19 trips back and forth to South • Rumored that she helped over 300 slaves (including her parents)

18. Tension Rises. . . Senator Douglas wanted popular sovereignty to be used to decide issue of slavery in territory of Nebraska. But territory was north of 36/30 line (MO Compromise) and was supposed to be closed to slavery.

19. SD sponsor Kansas-Nebraska Act • Split into Nebraska (N) and new territory of Kansas (S) • Allow popular sovereignty to determine slavery in territories/states. • Would repeal the MO Compromise and 36/30 line • Bitter debate • N politicians saw bill as plot to turn territories into slave states. S supported bill. • 1854- Kansas-Nebraska Act passed and became law.

21. . . .Violence follows. • The Race for Kansas: Supporters and opponents of slavery rush to Kansas to try and win votes for the territory. People set up camps and even small towns of abolitionists or slave holders. • “Bleeding Kansas:” Situation turns violent as people attack, fight, and kill each other over the issue. • People were tarred and feathered, kidnapped, killed.

22. By 1855, enough people to vote. • “Border Ruffians” illegally voted pro-slavery legislature (Lecompton) • MO was a slave state • Immediately , multiple pro-slavery acts passed. • Abolitionists set up separate government in Topeka. • Again, bloody violence followed as try to outgain in each other. • John Brown led abolitionist group to attack a proslavery town. Drug 5 men from their homes and hacked them to death.

24. Violence also spread to the Senate as Charles Sumner (MA) gave a two-day speech (the Crime Against Kansas) attacking the South, slavery, and Senator Andrew Butler (SC) for proslavery views. • Butler’s nephew, Preston S. Brooks, upset about attacks. Considers a duel, but is told that duels are only suited for gentlemen of equal standing (Sumner used harsh language in speech and compared slavery to a “mistress”). • Brooks walked into Senate, beat Sumner on head with his cane until the cane broke. • Sumner suffered brain damage and was unable to return to the Senate for 3 years. • Sumner became a hero in the North, Butler became a hero in the South

26. New Political Parties Emerge • Know-Nothing Party: aka American Party. Supported nativism, but split over issue of slavery in territories. • Liberty Party: Anti-slavery party with goal of abolition • Free-Soil Party: Anti-slavery opposed to extension of slavery into territories. • Not based on support for African-Americans • Many not abolitionists and support racist laws • Objected to slavery’s competition with white workers and wage-based labor force

27. Republican Party (1854): Opposed spread of slavery. Took in many from other parties, including antislavery and nativists. One extreme want to resurrect MO Compromise, the other were radical abolitionists. • Republican= national interest above sectional

28. Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott v. Sanford • Scott a slave who was moved from slave state (MO) to free territories (IL/WI). • Argued this gave him freedom from owner • 1857- Supreme Court ruled AGAINST Scott • Scott had no legal standing to sue b/c he was not a citizen • 5th Amendment protected property. Slaves=property, so no territory could exclude slavery since it deprived slaveholders of property. • Northerners upset at influence of South on gov.

29. Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Illinois, 1858: Democrat Stephen Douglas vs. Republican Abraham Lincoln • Neither want slavery in territories • Douglas popular sovereigntybelieved • Lincoln slavery immoral, but knew would take constitutional amendment to abolish • Douglas won, but Dems split • Lincoln garner attention

30. John Brown’s Raid at Harper’s Ferry • John Brown believed his calling to lead uprising of abolitionists and help slaves revolt. • Secretly had backing from Northern abolitionists • Oct. 16th, 1859- Brown and 21 men (black and white) stormed Harper’s Ferry, VA (now WVA). • Attempted to seize federal arsenal to support slave rebellion • Troops called in to end rebellion

31. Brown sentenced to death. • In North, seen as hero. Bells rang, gun salute, crowds gather in his name to hear speeches against the South. • In South, white mobs assault other whites with antislavery views and suspected abolitionists

32. Lincoln is Elected President • Election of 1860: Republican Lincoln vs. Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas vs. Southern Democrat John Breckinridge vs. Constitutional Party (Know-Nothings) • Democrats split on issue of slavery • Northern Democrats support Douglas/popular sovereignty • Southern Democrats support Breckinridge/Dred Scott Decision

33. Lincoln ran as a moderate. No intention to allow slavery to spread, but tried to reassure Southerners that he would not interfere with them, their slaves, or in anything about their slaves. • Southerners still see Lincoln as an enemy • Lincoln wins without any electoral votes from Southern states and with less than majority of popular vote.

34. Southern Secession • For Southerners, issue of slavery was underlying issue. Was masking issues of power of states and self-determination vs. federal government control. • Who should have highest authority? • Southerners believe have lost voice in National Gov. • Southern way of life challenged and could be turned upside down • South Carolina decided to ACT. • December 20th, 1860: SC secedes from the Union • 6 more follow: MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX

35. February, 1861: Delegates from 7 states meet in Montgomery, AL and form Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). • Constitution drawn up with protections of slavery • Confederates unanimously elect Jefferson Davis (former Senator from MS) as President of CSA

36. After secession, Confederate soldiers seize Union Federal Installations (forts) throughout the South • Lincoln must decide whether to defend or give over to CSA • Fort Pickens- Pensacola, FL • CSA troops from AL and FL attempt to seize the fort. Reach a truce to avoid war: North won’t reinforce fort; South won’t attack Ch. 4, Sec. 2:The Civil War Begins “This country will be drenched in blood…The people of the North… are not going to let this country be destroyed without a mighty effort to save it…Besides, where are your men and appliances of war to contend against them?...You are rushing into war with one of the most powerful, ingeniously mechanical and determined people on earth- right at your doors…Only in spirit and determination are you prepared for war. In all else you are totally unprepared.” -William Tecumseh Sherman

37. Fort Sumter- Charleston, SC • Off coast of SC, near Charleston. Lincoln decided to send in rations (food) and supplies- no weapons • April 12th, 1861: WAR BEGINS! • Confederate batteries pound Fort Sumter causing Union to surrender the Fort.

38. The War is on. . . • April/May of 1861: After Fort Sumter and Lincoln’s declaration of war, four more states secede and join the CSA. • Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee • Four slave states stayed in the Union: • Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri • 1863: Western area of VA opposed slavery, so seceded from VA and entered Union (U.S.) as West Virginia • Union and Confederacy not an equal match in war. Each have to come up with military plan for their strengths, resources, and objectives.

39. The Union vs. The Confederacy Union Confederacy • Advantages were their resources: had more • People • Factories • Food production • Extensive rail system • 3- Point Strategy: • Navy blockade of Southern ports (Anaconda Plan) • Conquer the MS River/Split CSA in two • Capture Richmond, VA (capital) • Advantages were: • Highly trained/effective generals, motivated soldiers, resourcefulness, fighting in own territory • Strategy: • Defend the CSA • Attack Union when opportunity arises

40. First Battle of Manassas or The Battle of Bull Run • July, 1861: First bloodshed on the battlefield • Battle took place near Bull Run creek/city of Manassas (near Washington, DC). • Battle went back & forth between Union and CSA, but by afternoon Confederates had won the first victory! • North led by Brig. General Irvin McDowell • South led by Brig. General P.G.T. Beauregard, General Thomas Jackson • “There stands Jackson like a stone wall!”  Jackson earned nickname Stonewall after standing his ground against Union troops • Col. Francis Bartow- 1st Commander to die in the Civil War • Confederate troops exhausted after battle, so do not pursue Union troops or attack DC.

41. Battle of Shiloh After Union loss @ First Manassas, Lincoln put troops near DC under General George McClellan. Also starts campaign in the west under General Ulysses S. Grant. Feb., 1862: Grant led Union army to invade West Tennessee and to capture Ft. Henry on the Tennessee River and then Ft. Donelson on the Cumberland River.

43. Battle of Shiloh: Grant moves deeper into TN on his campaign into the west. Camped near TN river near the Mississippi border • Confederates under Beauregard and Johnston surprise attacked Grant’s Union forces. • Confederates have early success, but Union troops regroup and ultimately able to defeat the CSA troops. • Battle of Shiloh was bloodiest battle yet in the war.

44. The Union’s Three-Point Plan Attack the CSA capital: McClellan’s troops (near DC) are primed to stage an attack on Richmond and continue an assault on the CSA in their own territory

45. Control the MS river and cut the South in two: April 1862: David Farragut and a Union fleet seized New Orleans from the CSA. By June, the Union controlled much of the lower MS river.

46. Blockade the South (Anaconda Plan): U.S. has control of the seas because of the strength and size of their navy. Able to blockade Norfolk and Richmond, VA. Goal is to stop cotton exports out of the South and stop manufactured goods from entering the South. Want to isolate the South from any outside aide by blockading the coast and controlling the MS river.

49. Battle at Sea • March, 1862: USS Monitor vs. CSS Virginia • Confederate Sec. of Navy was Stephen R. Mallory (Florida) • Mallory commissioned old USS Merimack- raised from sea- be turned into an ironclad warship for CSA navy. Name it CSS Virginia. • Battle is the first meeting of ironclad warships • Confederates want to use new CSS Virginia to break through Union blockade of Norfolk/Richmond.

50. Battle lasted about 3 hours. CSS Virignia met and destroyed wooden Union ship (USS Minnesota) before engaged the Union ironclad, USS Monitor. • After 3 hours, CSS Virginia returned to shipyard. USS Monitor remained on water and with blockade, so technically a Union victory. • As international naval powers learn of battle, stop building wooden ships and begin to build ships out of iron