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Particle characterization

Particle characterization. Chapter 6. Why determinate particle size. List three things that you know will be affected by particle size. My three things. Delivery of particles to the lungs Solubility of active pharmaceutical compounds Bulk density. Particle Size Morphology

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Particle characterization

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  1. Particle characterization Chapter 6

  2. Why determinate particle size • List three things that you know will be affected by particle size

  3. My three things • Delivery of particles to the lungs • Solubility of active pharmaceutical compounds • Bulk density

  4. Particle Size Morphology Material properties Porosity Density Hardness/elasticity(later) Surface properties Chemical composition Surface energy Roughness Powder Particle distribution Flowability/cohesion Specific surface Density Porosity Air content Water content (later) What do you want to characterize

  5. Size and Morphology Describe these two particle collections

  6. Size and Morphology Different descriptive terms for particles Particle form spherical, ellipsoid, granular, blocky, flaky, platy,prismodal, rodlike, acicular, needle shaped, fibrous irregular,dendrites, irregular, agglomerates But also particle surface Smooth, spotty, rough, porous, with cracks, hairy

  7. Reduce to known geometry Volume Cubes Spheres Ellipsoids Area Circles Squares Ellipses Lengths Characteristic lengths Feret and Martin diameters Relate to the geometry Fit into the geometry Have equal Volume or Area Have equal properties Size and Morphology Measurement of particle size A= Projected a rea P=Perimeter d=equivalent diameter S=surface area V=volume

  8. dcirc=Diameter of circumscribed minimum circle dinsc=Diameter of inscribes maximum circle deq=Diameter of the circle having same area as projection area of particle Shape descriptor:Circularity deq/dcirc Size and Morphology Descriptors based on diameters of circles

  9. Size and Morphology More descriptors according to the same principles

  10. The Feret diameter the distance between two tangents to the contour of the particle in a well defined orientation. The Martin diameter, is the length of a line that divide the area of the particle into two equal halves. Normally measured Mean= the mean over several orientations Y=largest X=smallest Elongation= Y/X Size and Morphology Feret and Martin diameter Df0 Dm0

  11. The mean chord length through the center of gravity of the particle Size and Morphology Unrolled diameter

  12. Size and Morphology Diameter Defined from equal properties Drag diameter • Diameter of a sphere having the same resistance to motion as the particle in a fluid of the same viscosity and the same speed Free-falling diameter • Diameter of a sphere having the same density and the same free-falling speed as the particle in a fluid of the same density and viscosity Stoke diameter • The free falling diameter of a particle in the laminar flow region Aerodynamic diameter • the diameter of a sphere of unit density (1g/cc) that has the same gravitational settling velocity as the particle in question.

  13. For small particles <0.5m Brownian motions counteract gravitational forces and the system will be stable For larger particles Density matching will hinder sedimentation Size and Morphology Stoke diameter msolvent*g Brownian motion a mpart*g

  14. Size and Morphology Diameter Defined from equal properties contin.. Equivalent light-scattering diameter • Diameter of the sphere giving the same intensity of light scattering as that of a particle, obtained by the light-scattering method Sieve diameter • The diameter of the smallest grid in a sieve that the particle will passe through

  15. Size and MorphologyFrom descriptors • Elongation: L/B or dferet(max)/dferet (min) • Circularity: for example dins/dcirc • Sphericity (Wandells):

  16. Size and Morphology Form descriptors • Form factors: f/k will describe the form • Space Filling Factor: Theratio between the area of a circumscribed rectangle or circumscribed circle of the image and that of the particle eg A/LB eller 4A/πr2

  17. Material propertiesDensity • True particle density: The density of the material • Apparent particle density: Density of the particle when inner porosity is included • Effective or aerodynamic particle density: Density if outer porosity is included. Related to the density that a air or gas stream will measure.

  18. Surface properties Particle surface • Properties • Roughness of the surface • Composition • Surface energy • Influences • Stability • Total area • Particle size reduction • Adsorption of other substances to the surface • Aggregation • Release of adsorbed material

  19. ESCA, XPS - Composition FTIR - Composition AFM- Surface morphology and surface energy Raman microscopy- composition Electron microscopy -Surface morphology Evaluation of Ascorbyl Palmitate-loaded NLC Gel using Atomic Force Microscopy V.Teeranachaideekul.1,2, S. Petchsirivej3,4 , R.H. Müller1, V.B. Junyaprasert2 Surface properties To evaluate surfaces properties

  20. L/V S/V S/V Surface properties To evaluate surface energy - Contact angles • Gives information on how easily a liquid wets a surface. • Low contact angle with water for hydrophilic surfaces. • Contact angle hysteresis: • Chemically heterogeneous surface. • Surface roughness. • Surface porosity • Surface changes when wetted.

  21. Assignments particlesTask • Test and compare two different techniques for size determinations (half a day) • Microscopy • Light scattering • Answer the questions in the assignment description on a seminar (Tue 28 Apr 13.15) • As usuell hand in a short technical note

  22. Assignments particlesPractical issues • Do the assignment in groups of three • Use our sample or your own • Microscopy use the microscope to take picture but do the major part of the analyses afterwards Image J is a free program

  23. Size distribution Particle size distribution • Why is the mean value not enough to describe particle size distributions • How can we describe the distribution • Based on what properties • Based on what type of statistic distribution

  24. Different type of diameters Different type of distribution Number (0) Length (1) Area (2) Volume (3) Weight (w) =V* How will these differ from one another? How do you calculate the mean particle size Can you transfer mean particle size between the different distributions? Size distribution Type of distributions

  25. Size distributionAverage particle size

  26. Size distributionDifferent distributions

  27. Normal distribution Log Normal Rosin–Rammler (Weibull) Distribution Size distribution Type of statistic distribution

  28. Size distribution Special properties of log distributions • If the number is log distributed so is the length, surface, and volume • With the same geometric mean deviation • Hatch-Choate relationships will transfer one type of mean diameter into another

  29. Mean diameter Standard mean, Geometric mean variability Standard deviation Geometric standard deviation Skewness Size distribution Description of particle size distribution

  30. Surface per weight Factors that increase surface area Decrease in particle size Increase in surface roughness Inner porosity (if available) Method dependent parameter Permeatry Gas adsorption Gas diffusion Porosimetery Importance Dissolution Chemical reactions Adsorption of other molecules Flow though particle beds PowderSpecific surface

  31. PowderDensity, air content and porosity • Density (b)= weight of powder/Volume of powder • Air content= air in pores(entrapped air) and air in between particles (void air) • Porosity • In particle • Between particles

  32. Angle of repose Bulk density Tapping density Carrs index Hausner ration PowderFlow properties and powder density

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