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17° Secolo

17° Secolo. 1603: Morte di Elisabetta, Giacomo VI di Scozia diventa re d’Inghilterra come Giacomo I 1625: morte di Giacomo I, ascesa al trono del figlio Carlo I 1642-1649: Guerra civile 1649-1660: Commonwealth 1660: Restaurazione , Carlo II re d’Inghilterra

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17° Secolo

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  1. 17° Secolo • 1603: Morte di Elisabetta, Giacomo VI di Scozia diventa re d’Inghilterra come Giacomo I • 1625: morte di Giacomo I, ascesa al trono del figlio Carlo I • 1642-1649: Guerra civile • 1649-1660: Commonwealth • 1660: Restaurazione, Carlo II re d’Inghilterra • 1685: Morte di Carlo II, ascesa al trono di Giacomo II • 1688: Rivoluzione gloriosa: Guglielmo d’Orange re d’Inghilterra come Guglielmo III

  2. Gli Stuart e l’assolutismo monarchico • 1603-1625: James I • - diritto divino del sovrano • - Chiesa anglicana/Corona vs società civile/altre confessioni religiose fra cui puritanesimo • - inizio del conflitto Corona – Parlamento • 1605: un gruppo di cattolici organizza il Gunpowder Plot, che fallisce • 1608: Viene fondata Jamestown in Virginia • 1618- Inizia la Guerra dei Trent’anni. Inghilterra vi partecipa contro la Spagna e al fianco di Olanda, Danimarca e Francia •  1620 – I PilgrimFathers a bordo della Mayflower raggiungono le coste dell’America dove fonderanno Plymouth

  3. Gli Stuart e l’assolutismo monarchico • 1625-1642: Charles I • 1628 – Il sovrano convoca il parlamento per approvare le spese della guerra contro la Spagna. Il parlamento risponde presentando la PetitionofRights che • 1) stabiliva il divieto d’imporre tasse senza il consenso del Parlamento, • 2) imponeva limiti al controllo del re sull’esercito, vietando il reclutamento forzato di soldati e marinai • 3) vietava di imprigionare un uomo senza causa dichiarata. • 4) l’applicazione della legge marziale in tempo di pace, • Fu usata dal Parlamento come base giuridica per le proprie rivendicazioni e divenne fondamento del Costituzionalismo britannico

  4. Gli Stuart e l’assolutismo monarchico • 1629 – Charles I scioglie il Parlamento • 1629-1640 – Undici anni della tirannide • Aprile - Maggio 1640 – Il sovrano riconvoca il parlamento (Short Parliament) per far finanziare la guerra contro la Scozia. Il parlamento chiede abolizione dello shipmoneye conferma dei suoi diritti. Viene sciolto dopo poche settimane • Novembre 1640 – Charles riconvoca il Parlamento (Long Parliament, in carica fino al 1653) • 1641: Great Remonstrance • Gennaio 1642: Il re abbandona Londra e inizia a organizzare un proprio esercito • Agosto 1642: scoppio della Guerra Civile

  5. La Guerra Civile (1642-1649) • 1642-1643: Supremazia dell’esercito regio (Cavaliers) sull’esercito puritano(Roundheads) • 14 giugno 1645: esercito puritano guidato da Oliver Cromwell sconfigge le truppe reali • 1648: Vittoria di Cromwell nella battaglia di Preston • 1649: Condanna a morte del sovrano

  6. Commonwealth 1649-1660 • 1649-1651: Cromwell schiaccia le rivolte di irlandesi e scozzesi • 1651: Atto di Navigazione • 1653: Cromwell scioglie il Parlamento e diventa Lord Protectorof the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland • 1658: Morte di Cromwell

  7. L’età della Restaurazione • 1660-1685: Charles II • 1685-1688: James II • Ricomposizione del Parlamento con due Camere (House ofLordse House ofCommons) • Riaffermazione dell’egemonia della Chiesa anglicana • L’equilibrio sociale si sposta nuovamente verso la grande proprietà terriera • Eredità della rivoluzione • potere del parlamento • garanzie del cittadino • una certa libertà religiosa • una tradizione di libertà di stampa • la partecipazione dell’opinione pubblica alla vita del paese • l’interesse per un cultura scientifica e tecnica che permetteva lo sviluppo dell’agricoltura, del commercio e della manifattura. (Nel 1660 viene fondata la Royal Society) • Nascita dei partiti politici • whigs e dei tories. I toriessi identificavano con la chiesa anglicana, i Lords, la monarchia; i whigs, guidati dal conte di Shaftesbury

  8. La rivoluzione gloriosa • James II, cattolico, mostrò la chiara intenzione di restaurare l’assolutismo e di imporre il cattolicesimo quale religione di Stato. • 1688: nascita di un erede maschio. Deposizione del re da parte del Parlamento • 1688: corona offerta a William of Orange, marito di Maria, figlia di James II • 1689: William (come William III) ascende al trono con la moglie Maria.

  9. Regno di Guglielmo III • Bill ofRights: Il documento stabiliva che il sovrano non potesse sospendere leggi, imporre tributi o mantenere un esercito stabile in tempo di pace senza l’approvazione del Parlamento; che i membri del Parlamento fossero eletti liberamente e godessero di piena libertà di espressione e di discussione; che non vi fossero limitazioni di libertà per i sudditi protestanti. • 1694: viene fondata la Banca d’Inghilterra • 1689 – TolerationAct – garantisce la libertà religiosa a tutti i dissidenti tranne cattolici e unitariani • 1701 – ActofSettlement – sancisce l’esclusione dei cattolici dalla successione al trono.

  10. Giornalismo • Origini XVII secolo – opuscoli: “Corantos”, “Weekly News” • 1665: “Oxford Gazette” • 1694: mancato rinnovo del “LicensingAct” • 1690-97: AthenianMercury • 1702-35: DailyCourant, primo quotidiano inglese • 1704: Defoe fonda The Review, pubblicato fino al 1712 • 1710-14: The Examinerdiretto da Swift • 1709: The Tatlerfondato da Richard Steele (trisettimanale, pubblicato fino al 1711)

  11. Giornalismo • 1711: The Spectator(quotidiano) diretto da Joseph Addison e Richard Steelefino al 1712 (555 numeri), rilanciato da Addison nel 1714 (80 numeri) • “toenlivenmoralitywithwit and totemperwitwithmorality”

  12. GiornalismoMrSpectator si presenta ai lettori • Thus I live in the World, ratheras a SpectatorofMankind, thanasoneof the Species; bywhichmeans I havemademy self a Speculative Statesman, Soldier, Merchant, and Artizan, withoutevermedlingwithanyPractical Part in Life. I amverywellversed in the TheoryofanHusband, or a Father, and can discern the Errors in the Œconomy, Business, and Diversionofothers, betterthanthosewho are engaged in them; asStanders-bydiscoverBlots, which are apttoescapethosewho are in the Game. I neverespousedany Party withViolence, and amresolvedtoobserveanexactNeutralitybetween the Whigs and Tories, unless I shallbeforc'd todeclaremyselfby the Hostilitiesofeither side. In short, I haveacted in all the partsofmy Life as a Looker-on, whichis the Character I intendtopreserve in thisPaper. […]Afterhavingbeenthusparticularuponmy self, I shall in to-Morrow's Papergivean Account ofthose Gentlemen who are concernedwith me in this Work. For, as I havebeforeintimated, a Planofitislaid and concerted (asallotherMattersofImportance are) in a Club. However, asmy Friends haveengaged me to stand in the Front, thosewhohave a mind tocorrespondwith me, maydirecttheirLettersTo the Spectator, at Mr. Buckley's, in Little Britain. ForImustfurtheracquaint the Reader, thattho' our Club meetsonly on Tuesdays and Thursdays, wehaveappointed a Committeeto sit every Night, for the InspectionofallsuchPapersasmaycontributeto the Advancementof the Public Weal. Addison,Spectator, 1, 1 March 1711

  13. GiornalismoRitratto di Sir Roger De Coverley • The first ofour Society is a Gentleman ofWorcestershire, ofancientDescent, a Baronet, hisName Sir Roger De Coverly.1HisgreatGrandfatherwasInventorofthatfamousCountry-Dancewhichiscall'd afterhim. Allwhoknowthat Shire are verywellacquaintedwith the Parts and Meritsof Sir Roger. Heis a Gentleman thatisverysingular in hisBehaviour, buthisSingularitiesproceedfromhisgoodSense, and are Contradictionsto the Mannersof the World, onlyashethinks the World is in the wrong. However, this Humour createshim no Enemies, forhedoesnothingwithSourness or Obstinacy; […] Whenheis in townhelives in Soho Square2: Itissaid, hekeepshimself a Batchelourbyreasonhewascrossed in Love by a perverse beautiful Widowof the next County tohim. BeforethisDisappointment, Sir Rogerwaswhatyoucall a fine Gentleman, hadoftensuppedwithmy Lord Rochester3 and Sir George Etherege4, fought a Dueluponhis first comingto Town, and kick'd BullyDawson5 in a publickCoffee-houseforcallinghimYoungster. Butbeingill-usedby the above-mentionedWidow, hewasveryseriousfor a Year and a half; and tho' hisTemperbeingnaturallyjovial, he at last gotoverit, hegrewcarelessofhimself and neverdressedafterwards; hecontinuesto wear a Coat and Doubletof the same Cut thatwere in Fashion at the Timeofhis Repulse, […] Heisnow in hisFifty-sixthYear, cheerful, gay, and hearty, keeps a good House in both Town and Country; a great Lover ofMankind; butthereissuch a mirthful Cast in hisBehaviour, thatheisratherbelovedthanesteemed. HisTenantsgrowrich, hisServants look satisfied, all the young Women profess Love tohim, and the youngMen are gladofhis Company.Steele, The Spectator, 2 March 1711

  14. GiornalismoRitratto di Sir Andrew Freeport • The PersonofnextConsiderationis Sir Andrew Freeport, a Merchant ofgreatEminence in the City ofLondon: A PersonofindefatigableIndustry, strong Reason, and greatExperience. HisNotionsofTrade are noble and generous, and (aseveryrich Man hasusually some sly Way ofJesting, whichwouldmake no great Figure werehenot a rich Man) hecalls the Sea the British Common. HeisacquaintedwithCommerce in allitsParts, and willtellyouthatitis a stupid and barbarous Way toextendDominionbyArms; fortruePoweristobegotbyArts and Industry. Hewilloftenargue, thatifthis Part ofourTradewerewellcultivated, weshouldgainfromoneNation; and ifanother, fromanother. I haveheardhim prove thatDiligencemakes more lastingAcquisitionsthanValour, and thatSlothhasruin'd more Nationsthan the Sword. Heabounds in severalfrugalMaxims, amongstwhich the greatestFavouriteis, 'A Penny savedis a Penny got.' A General Trader ofgoodSenseispleasanter Company than a generalScholar; and Sir Andrewhaving a naturalunaffectedEloquence, the PerspicuityofhisDiscoursegives the samePleasurethatWitwould in another Man. HehasmadehisFortuneshimself; and saysthatEnglandmaybericherthanotherKingdoms, byasplainMethodsashehimselfisricherthanotherMen; tho' at the sameTime I can saythisofhim, thatthereisnot a point in the Compass, butblows home a Ship in whichheisanOwner.Steele, The Spectator, 2 March 1711

  15. Giornalismo • Butthere are none towhomthisPaperwillbe more usefulthanto the female World. I haveoftenthoughttherehasnotbeensufficientPainstaken in finding out properEmployments and Diversionsfor the Fair ones. TheirAmusementsseemcontrivedforthemratherasthey are Women, thanasthey are reasonableCreatures; and are more adaptedto the Sex, thanto the Species. The Toiletistheirgreat Scene of Business, and the right adjustingoftheirHair the principalEmploymentoftheirLives. The sortingof a SuitofRibbonsisreckoned a verygoodMorning's Work; and iftheymakeanExcursionto a Mercer's or a Toy-shop, so great a Fatiguemakesthemunfitforanything else all the Dayafter. Their more seriousOccupations are Sowing and Embroidery, and theirgreatestDrudgery the PreparationofJellies and Sweetmeats. This, I say, is the State ofordinary Women; tho' I knowthere are Multitudesofthoseof a more elevated Life and Conversation, thatmove in anexaltedSphereofKnowledge and Virtue, that join all the Beautiesof the Mind to the OrnamentsofDress, and inspire a kindofAwe and Respect, aswellas Love, intotheirMale-Beholders. I hopetoencrease the NumberofthesebypublishingthisdailyPaper, which I shallalwaysendeavourtomakeaninnocentifnotanimproving Entertainment, and bythatMeans at leastdivert the MindsofmyfemaleReadersfromgreaterTrifles. At the sameTime, as I wouldfaingive some finishingTouchestothosewhich are already the most beautiful Pieces in humane Nature, I shallendeavourtopoint out allthoseImperfectionsthat are the Blemishes, aswellasthoseVirtueswhich are the Embellishments, of the Sex. In the meanwhile I hopethesemygentleReaders, whohave so muchTime on theirHands, willnotgrudgethrowingaway a QuarterofanHour in a Day on thisPaper, sincetheymay do itwithoutanyHindranceto Business. Addison, The Spectator, 12 March 1711) • .

  16. Giornalismo • Butthere are none towhomthisPaperwillbe more usefulthanto the female World. I haveoftenthoughttherehasnotbeensufficientPainstaken in finding out properEmployments and Diversionsfor the Fair ones. TheirAmusementsseemcontrivedforthemratherasthey are Women, thanasthey are reasonableCreatures; and are more adaptedto the Sex, thanto the Species. The Toiletistheirgreat Scene of Business, and the right adjustingoftheirHair the principalEmploymentoftheirLives. The sortingof a SuitofRibbonsisreckoned a verygoodMorning's Work; and iftheymakeanExcursionto a Mercer's or a Toy-shop, so great a Fatiguemakesthemunfitforanything else all the Dayafter. Their more seriousOccupations are Sowing and Embroidery, and theirgreatestDrudgery the PreparationofJellies and Sweetmeats. This, I say, is the State ofordinary Women; tho' I knowthere are Multitudesofthoseof a more elevated Life and Conversation, thatmove in anexaltedSphereofKnowledge and Virtue, that join all the Beautiesof the Mind to the OrnamentsofDress, and inspire a kindofAwe and Respect, aswellas Love, intotheirMale-Beholders. I hopetoencrease the NumberofthesebypublishingthisdailyPaper, which I shallalwaysendeavourtomakeaninnocentifnotanimproving Entertainment, and bythatMeans at leastdivert the MindsofmyfemaleReadersfromgreaterTrifles. At the sameTime, as I wouldfaingive some finishingTouchestothosewhich are already the most beautiful Pieces in humane Nature, I shallendeavourtopoint out allthoseImperfectionsthat are the Blemishes, aswellasthoseVirtueswhich are the Embellishments, of the Sex. In the meanwhile I hopethesemygentleReaders, whohave so muchTime on theirHands, willnotgrudgethrowingaway a QuarterofanHour in a Day on thisPaper, sincetheymay do itwithoutanyHindranceto Business. (Addison, The Spectator 10, 12 March 1711) • .

  17. Età augustea – Poesia • Alexander Pope (1688-1744) • La sua poesia riflette le convenzioni dell’epoca, sia nel tono e nei temi, sia nelle tecniche. • Poesia didascalica ed espositiva, semplice, chiara, nella migliore tradizione neoclassica, che si avvale della forma metrica dell’ heroic couplet. Espressione di una coscienza razionale che si manifesta nella regolarità del metro, nell’equilibro delle parti, nell’adesione alle norme dei generi. Basata sulla necessità di distinguere eloquio quotidiano da dizione poetica (poeticdiction) • 1711 – Essay on Criticism: compendio della teoria letteraria neoclassica. Modelli classici: Orazio Thoserulesofolddiscovered, notdevised, Are Nature still, but Nature Methodized; • Nature, like liberty, isbutrestrained • By the sameruleswhich first herselfordained • 1712-1714 – The Rape of the Lock: poemetto eroicomico. Titolo rimanda a La Secchia rapita di Tassoni. Elaborazione e trasformazione dei modelli classici • 1730-31 Essay on Man. Poema filosofico . Improntato a un’idea ottimista della naturale bontà umana. Riecheggiano idee mutuate da Bacone, Newton, Locke, Montaigne, La Rochefoucauld, Pascal. • 1715-20 Traduzione dell’Iliade • 1725-26 Traduzione dell’Odissea

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