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The Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution. Before 1500. Where did ppl get their info about the world? Ancient Greek /Roman philosophers/authors The Bible What helped disseminate that info? Printing press Church Schools/Universities Ren /Ref/Exploration. Medieval Views.

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The Scientific Revolution

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  1. The Scientific Revolution

  2. Before 1500 • Where did ppl get their info about the world? • Ancient Greek /Roman philosophers/authors • The Bible • What helped disseminate that info? • Printing press • Church • Schools/Universities • Ren/Ref/Exploration

  3. Medieval Views • The Geocentric Theory (Earth-centered) • Aristotle’s theory • planets revolved around immovable Earth • God placed Earth in center of universe • Few people questioned these ideas • Why?

  4. Ptolemy Until mid-1500s Ptolemy’s theory Evidence to support Aristotle’s ideas Earth was center of universe This theory matched the teachings of the Church.

  5. Causes of the Sci. Rev. • Medieval Universities • The It. Ren. • Renewed emphasis on mathematics • Ren. – patronage • Navigational problems of long sea voyages • Better scientific instruments

  6. Scientific Awakening • Merged sci. & tech • Use of mathematics • Experimentation • Sci. separated from church philosophy • Basic ancient truths were questioned • Focus on physics, not ethics

  7. New Views • The Heliocentric Theory (Sun-centered) • Copernicus’ theory • Planets revolved around sun • 1st new scientific theory in nearly 2,000 yrs • Others built on this idea • This angered church leaders. • Why?

  8. Copernicus (1543) Nicolaus Copernicus Heliocentric sun-centered, model of the universe. Aim to glorify God

  9. Tycho Brahe (Late 1500s) Tycho Brahe used observation Provided mountains of evidence to support Copernicus’ theory. Could not mathematically support it Bridge b/w geo & helio

  10. Johannes Kepler (Early 1600s) Johannes Kepler Used Mathematics to support Brahe’s observations each planet moved around the sun in an elliptical orbit

  11. Galileo Galilei (Early 1600s) Galileo Galilei Early user of the experimental method built a telescope and studied the heavens His discoveries using the telescope Moon had rough, uneven surface Sun has dark spots

  12. Galileo Galilei vs. the Church • Confirmed heliocentric model • caused an uproar • Galileo’s findings scared the church. Why? • Pope summoned him to Rome for trial • Under threat of torture • Read a confession • Admitted ideas of Copernicus were false. • Sentenced to house arrest & silence • 1992 –Catholic Church accepted his beliefs

  13. Isaac Newton (Late 1600s) • Argues for a universe governed by natural laws • Law of Inertia • Something in motion tends to stay in motion • Law of Gravity • Things tend to fall downward

  14. Scientific Advances 5 The 1500s & 1600s saw breakthroughs in many branches of science. Baconis the father of the Scientific Method Descartes is the father of analytical geometry . Believed everything had to be proved by math. “I think, therefore I am.” Vesalius published the first accurate study of human anatomy. Fahrenheit/Celsius used thermometers to measure temperature Janssen invented the microscope Leeuwenhoek used microscope to see cells & microorganisms. Torricelli used the barometer to measure atmospheric pressure to predict the weather 14

  15. Consequences of the Sci. Rev. • Rise of the “Scientific Community” • The modern scientific method • A universe ordered according to natural laws

  16. ENLIGHTENMENT Knowing others is wisdom, knowing yourself is Enlightenment. Lao Tzu

  17. Connections Sci. Rev. showed the power/success of human reason People apply human reason to natural laws (laws that govern human nature) led to - revolution in thinking = Enlightenment

  18. Newton • Last of the great figures of the Sci. Rev. • Or 1st in the Enlightenment • Newton’s laws were starting point for investigating everything in nature • Used reason to solve problems: • social • political • economic

  19. The Philosophes Philosophes: lovers of wisdom Concentrated on: Welfare of society Freedom of individual Happiness of humanity Used reason to make reforms to government, law & society Completely different ideas than the Absolute rulers of the time. Think critically: HOW? Be able to give examples.

  20. Philosophes’ Ideas • Nature • Took Newton and other scientists’ ideas of natural laws and applied them to social interaction • economics and government. • Laissez faire & balance of powers • Reason • Move toward liberty & away from intolerance & prejudice

  21. Other ideas • Happiness: • Lived by nature’s laws, you would find happiness. • No need to wait for happiness - heaven • Live in happiness, not misery! • Progress: • Belief society & humankind could be perfected • Using science • Liberty: • Believed that society could be set free. • Liberty is necessary to be happy

  22. Voltaire • Criticized Fr. gov’t, laws, and Christianity • Was locked in the Bastille (French jail) & was exiled • Most famous writing: Candide, • Satire – use of wit and sarcasm to criticize • Prejudice • Inequality • injustice • Gov. & laws • basically everything he didn’t like

  23. Hobbes vs Locke • Read: “Political ideas grew from conflict” • Fill in the chart below • Be ready to fill in the chart on the board

  24. Hobbes & Locke Chart Key(do on the board) • Question: • Did the English people have the right to rebel against Charles I (1642) & James II (1688)? • Thomas Hobbes • Wrote Leviathan (“sea monster”) • Wrote it 2 years after Charles I was beheaded • Horrors of Civil War shaped his beliefs • John Locke • Wrote Treatises of Government • Wrote it 2 years after The Glorious Revolution

  25. Right of Rebellion People - no right to rebel against their govt. Human Nature Humans are wicked so they must be protected Naturally cruel, selfish If not controlled = fight & steal Right of Rebellion People oppressed by their govt. every right to rebel Human Nature Humans are reasonable so they can make good decisions about how to govern Free will Obedience because it is right not out of fear Hobbes vs Locke

  26. Role of Government Govts. protect ppl from their own wickedness & selfishness Role of Monarch One ruler should have absolute power to keep society from falling into disorder Role of Government Govts. protect 3 basic rights Life, liberty & property Role of Monarch The ruler has a duty to protect these basic rights Hobbes vs Locke

  27. Hobbes – Social Contract • Agreement • B/w the leader & his people • Give up rights for • Protection • Organized society • How does this apply to governments today • Give up taxes and freedom • For security

  28. Montesquieu (1689-1755) The Best government: • Separate the powers of the Govt. • ensured freedom & liberty. • Legislative: make laws • Executive: enforce laws • Judicial: interpret laws • Politically balanced • Checks & balances: (each branch serves as a check on the other branches) • “Power should be a check to power”

  29. Rousseau (1712-1778) • Individual Freedom • People are naturally good • innocence was corrupted by the evils of society • “Men are born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” • The Social Contract, 1762. • Agreement among free individuals • Hobbes: society & government • The best government • Formed by the people • Consent of the governed • Direct democracy

  30. Beccaria • Italian Philosophe • Laws exist to preserve order • NOT to avenge crimes • Criticized abuses of justice • Accused should have • Speedy trial • Punishment should fit the crime • Never torture

  31. Mary Wollstonecraft • Philosophes challenged assumptions • But: Traditional view toward women • Education: teach how to be wife & mother • Wollstonecraft • Increased Rights for Women • Education for Women = Men • Women Should enter male-dominated fields • Politics & medicine

  32. Questions • What is government supposed to ensure? • What are the 3 branches of govt & what do each do? • Rousseau believed people were naturally what? • What did Rousseau write and his idea of the best form of government? • Beccaria believed laws existed for what purpose and if you were in trouble with the law, what 3 things should you get? • What did Wollstonecraft fight for?

  33. To Do: Write these questions down, write your answer to each question and be ready to discuss tomorrow Security vs. Freedom • Are you willing to give up any Freedoms in exchange for better protection from terrorism? • The police believe a person has brought a gun to school. Would you allow the police to search your school bag & lockers? • A person prints information out at the library on bomb making. What should the librarian do? • Several Mid. Eastern males are boarding a plane at O’Hare airport. Should they have to go through extra security?

  34. Salons • Wealthy wmn held mtgs in their homes • Philosophes discussed ideas • Marie-Therese Geoffrin • Was a “patron” to the thinkers • So why are they important? • Gave Enlightenment thinkers a place to share ideas • Provided Enlightenment thinkers w/support

  35. Denis Diderot (1713-1784) • All things must be examined, debated, investigated w/o exception & w/o regard for anyone’s feelings. • We will speak against senseless laws until they are reformed.

  36. Created 28 vol. Encyclopedia Gathered articles on human knowledge Articles by thinkers of the day against slavery urged for education for all praised freedom of expression Widely denounced by govts & church Diderot’s Encyclopédie

  37. Despotism • Form of govt by which a single entity rules w/ absolute & unlimited power • Many philosophes believed best govt was: • Monarchy • Respected people’s rights • Try to convince rulers to rule justly

  38. Enlightened Despots • Enlightened Despots • Embraced new ideas • Made reforms • True Reformers? • Just wanted their countries to be stronger

  39. Montesquieu & Despotism • The diff. b/w monarchy & despotism: • Monarchy - a single person governs by fixed and established laws • Despot - governs by his own will

  40. Fredrick the Great - Ruled Prussia Committed to reform Religious freedom Reduced censorship Increased education Abolished torture “the first servant of the state Changes only went so far Serfdom wrong But didn’t end it Needed support of the nobles Catherine the Great - Ruled Russia Formed commission to review laws Religious toleration Abolishing torture Abolishing capital punishment Changes only went so far Commission accomplished none of the goals Did nothing to change life of peasants After a revolt – she gave noble absolute power over them Enlightened Despots

  41. The Legacy of the Enlightenment? • Belief in Progress • Opened door for growth in sci. • New discoveries • Confidence that humans could solve social probs • More secular society (non-religious) • Openly question church • Promote tolerance of all religions

  42. The Legacy of the Enlightenment? 3. Importance of the individual • Use own ability to reason to judge right & wrong • Turn away from the church • Art, literature, & music offered new expressions & sounds: Beethoven, Mozart, Haydn • YouTube - Beethoven Symphony No.9 • YouTube - Bach, Toccata and Fugue in D minor, organ 4. Revolutions • democratic revs begun in America in 1776 & in Paris in the late 1780s

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